Asheville
city and county-seat of Buncombe co., N. C., on the Southern railroad, near the French Broad river; 275 miles W. of Raleigh. It is in a tobacco-growing region; has manufactories of cotton goods, shoes, ice, tobacco, and flour; and is widely noted as a winter and summer resort, especially for invalids from the Northern States. The city is more than 2,000 feet above the level of the sea; is surrounded by impressive mountain scenery; and has the Bingham Military Academy, Normal College and Collegiate Institute for Young Women, Home Industrial School for Girls, Asheville Farm School for Boys, Industrial School for Colored Youth, banks, electric lights, and many hotels and boarding-houses. Adjoining it is the estate of Biltmore, established by George Vanderbilt, of New York City; one of the finest botanical gardens in the world; Pisgah forest, a hunting preserve of 84,000 acres; Battery and Riverside Parks; and Mount Beaumont, 2,800 feet high. Pop. (1910) 18,762; (1920), 28,504.
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Ashipu
(See Babylonia .)
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Ashley
WILLIAM JAMES, an Anglo-American educator, born in London, England, in 1860; was educated at Oxford; became lecturer in history in Corpus Christi College. In 1888 he was appointed Professor of Political Economy and Constitutional History in the of Toronto, and, in 1892, was University called to the newly created chair of Economic History in Harvard University. In 1901 he returned to England, becoming professor of commerce and finance and later dean of the faculty of commerce in the University of Birmingham. He has published numerous books on economic subjects. ASHOKAN RESERVOIR. See AQUE DUCT
a borough of Pennsylvania in Luzerne co., on the Central of New Jersey and the Wilkes-Barre and Hazleton railroads. It practically forms a part of Wilkes-Barre, being only one mile distant from that city. It has coal mines and railroad shops. Pop. (1910) 5,601; (1920) 6,520.
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Ashraf
a town in the Persian province of Mazanderan, near the S. coast of the Caspian Sea, 56 miles W. of Astrabad. It was a favorite residence of Shah Abbas the Great, and was adorned by him with splendid buildings, of which only a few miserable ruins now remain. It still contains over 800 houses, and has some trade in the cotton and silk produced in its vicinity.
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Ashtabula
a city in Ashtabula co., O., on Lake Erie, and several important railroads; 55 miles N. E. of Cleveland. It is in an agricultural and dairy region, and has an excellent harbor where the river of the same name enters the lake. The city is noteworthy for the facts that it receives the largest amount of iron ore of any port in the United States, and the amount of its shipment of the same is surpassed by few on the Great Lakes. Its extensive railroad and lake communications give it a special importance in the industrial world, as it stands between the great coal and iron mining regions and the extensive manufacturing districts of Pennsylvania. There are numerous industrial establishments and a large dry dock and ship-building plant. Pop. (1910) 18,266; (1920) 22,082.
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Ashtabula Poltergeist, The
The supposed cause of the extraordinary disturbances which took place about the middle of the nineteenth century in the presence of a lady of Ashtabula County, Ohio. First of all she became a medium on the death of her husband, and produced spiritrappings and other manifestations. Then for a time she studied anatomy in Marlborough, and afterwards returned to her home in Austinburg, where an alarming outbreak of weird manifestations occurred. Stair-rods moved after her when she went to her room, light articles flew about the house, and uncanny sounds were heard. At Marlborough, when she resumed her anatomical studies, the disturbances increased in violence, and she and her roommate had a ghastly vision of a corpse they had been dissecting in the day-time. Dr. Richmond, a sceptic of the day, maintained that these phenomena were the result of magneto-odylic emanations from the medium.
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Ashurst
HENRY FOUNTAIN, United States Senator from Arizona. He was born in Winnemucca, Nev., in 1875, was educated in the public schools-parts. In the Pacific are three large and took special courses in law and political economy at the University of Michigan. He began the practice of law in Arizona in 1897. In the same year he was a member of the Arizona Legislature and was successfully re-elected, serving as speaker in 1898. He was district attorney of Coconino co., Arizona in 1905-1906 and again in 1907- 1908, and was elected United States Senator in 1913 and re-elected in 1917.
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Asia Minor
a name given by the ancients to that portion of Asia that lies between the Black Sea and the eastern basin of the Mediterranean. The term means "Smaller Asia." It is geographical, rather than political. Asia Minor has never been an independent country or had a history of its own. Before the beginning of historical times, the Aegean coast was occupied by Greek colonies. The nearest approach to a local government was that of Lydia, under Croesus, 560-546 B. C. The cities and provinces of Asia Minor were conquered by Cyrus for the Persians and by Alexander the Great for the Greeks. The region has passed practically without resistance under the government of the Romans, of the Byzantine empire, and the Arabs. Since the Crusades it has been occupied by the Turks, and it is now a part of Turkey in Asia. The population is composed chiefly of Turks, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. If the yoke of the "unspeakable" Turk could be removed, there is no reason why this should not be one of the most prosperous regions of the world. See Troy ; Croesus ; Armenia ; Syria ; Ephesus ; Pergamus ; Angora ; Smyrna ; Meerschaum ; Licorice; Figs
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Asiah
According to the Kabala, the first of the three classes or natural ranks among the spirits of men, who must advance from the lower to the higher.
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Asiphonata
or ASIPHONIDA, an order of lamellibranchiate, bivalve mollusks, destitute of the siphon or tube through which, in the siphonata, the water that enters the gills is passed outward. It includes the oysters, the scallop shells, the pearl oyster, the mussels, and in general the most useful and valuable mollusks.
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