Several of these 6 encyclopedias cover each subject below, but between them they say too little to fill a page of its own. They are gathered here so the accounts can sit side by side.
Bronze Age
Collier's New Encyclopedia: the age of bronze, the second of three ages believed by MM. Nilsson, Steenstrup, Forchhammer, Thomsen, Worsäæ and other Danish archæologists to have followed each other in the peninsula of Jutland and elsewhere in the following order: (1) The stone age, (2) the bronze age, and (3) the iron age. During the first, stone, or sometimes bone, was used for weapons BRONTOTHERIUM
Aiton's Encyclopedia: . See Archaeology
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Bronzing
Collier's New Encyclopedia: the process of giving a bronze-like or antique metallic appearor plaster ance to the surface of metals casts. The processes vary; they may be classed as coating with a melted alloy; coating with a metal in paste, solution, or vapor; corrosion; coating with a gum, application of bronze powder, and painting.
American Watchmaker and Jeweler: See Electro-Plating, Bronzing and Staining.
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and American Watchmaker and Jeweler
Buckeye
Aiton's Encyclopedia: the sweet horse-chestnut. It is a fine tall forest tree of the soapberry family, akin to the maple and box elder. The leaf resembles that of the chestnut. The fruit is a leathery pod containing a large seed, or rather nut, with a shiny coat and a round, pale scar. The nut resembles the soft, lustrous eye of the Virginia deer, whence the name. The buck-eye is found in rich woods from the Ohio Valley southward. Ohio has been nicknamed the "Buckeye State." In addition to the Ohio buckeye, there are others, as the red buckeye, the shrubby sweet buckeye, and the white buckeye of the mountains. There are several similar species in Asia.
Collier's New Encyclopedia: the American horse chestnut tree, the æsculus ohioticus of botanists.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Buckram
Aiton's Encyclopedia: a coarse, heavily sized linen or cotton fabric. It is used for stiffening collars, belts, and certain portions of men's garments. A light weight buckram is used in bookbinding, and for covering carriage cushions. During the Middle Ages a costly linen fabric, used for church vestments and banners, and to a lesser extent for personal wear, was called buckram.
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a coarse textile fabric stiffened with glue and used in garments and bookbinding to give them or keep them in the form intended.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Buckskin
Aiton's Encyclopedia: the dressed hide of a deer. The American Indians were expert in dressing the skin, especially of the Virginia red deer. The green hide was stretched by poles, cleaned of fat and flesh and rubbed with the brains of the deer itself. Buckskin was used for moccasins, leggings, and other articles of clothing not only by the Indians, but by the early settlers as well. The provincial troops were sometimes called "buckskins" on account of their clothing, a custom to which Burns refers humorously in a poem on the American Revolution: Cornwallis fought as lang's he dought, An did the Buckskins claw, man. See Deer ; Leather
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a kind of soft leather, generally yellow or grayish in color, prepared originally by treating deerskins in a particular way, but now in general made from sheepskins. This may be done by oil, or by a second method, in which the skins are grained, brained, and smoked.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Budding
Collier's New Encyclopedia: the art of multiplying plants by causing the leaf bud of one species or variety to grow upon the branch of another. The operation consists in shaving off a leaf bud, with a portion of the wood beneath it, which portion is afterward removed by a sudden 1850. jerk of the operator's finger and thumb, aided by the budding knife. An incision from in the bark of the stock is then made in the form of a T; the two side lips are " pushed aside, the bud is thrust between the bark and the wood, the upper end of its bark is cut to a level with the cross arm of the T, and the whole is bound up with worsted or other soft fastening, the point of the bud being left exposed. In performing the operation, a knife with a thin, flat handle and a blade with a peculiar edge is required. The bud must be fully formed; the bark of the stock must separate readily from the wood below it; and young branches should always be chosen, as having beneath the bark the largest quantity of cambium or viscid matter out of which tissue is formed. The maturer shoots of the year in which the operation is performed are the best. The autumn is the best time for budding, though it may also be practiced in the spring.
Aiton's Encyclopedia: . See Grafting
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia
Budget
Aiton's Encyclopedia: a bag or package of miscellaneous articles, as a budget of old clothes or a budget of news. In the history of England the budget is an annual statement of finances read by the chancellor of the exchequer before the House of Commons. It contains a statement of expenses necessary for the coming year, and proposes a scale of taxation to provide the means. Sometimes the chancellor is able to propose a reduction of taxation in certain directions, and sometimes he is under the grave necessity of proposing extraordinary expenditure and grievous taxation. The term is coming into general use in discussing the finances of any nation. The amount of annual expenditure is given in statistics accompanying the countries of importance. See Parliament
Collier's New Encyclopedia: the annual statement relative to the finances of a country, made by the proper financial functionary, in which is presented a balance sheet of the actual income and expenditure of the past year, and an estimate of the income and expenditure for the coming year, together with a statement of the mode of taxation proposed to meet such expenditure.
Covered by Aiton's Encyclopedia and Collier's New Encyclopedia
Bulb
Collier's New Encyclopedia: a scaly body, formed at or beneath the surface of the ground, sending roots downward from its lower part and a stem upward from its center. It propagates itself by developing new bulbs in the axils of the scales, of which it is formed. There are two kinds of bulbs: (1) A tunicated bulb, literally a coated bulb, that is, a bulb furnished with a tunic or covering of scales, tho outer series of which is thin and membranous, example, the onion; and (2) a naked bulb, or one in which the outer scales are not membranous and united, $14,360,000 but distinct and fleshy like the inner 39,000,000 5,500,000 ones; example, the lilies. The so-called 4,360,000 solid bulb of the crocus is, properly 7,430,000 speaking, not a bulb at all, but an un- 990,000 $71,640,000
Aiton's Encyclopedia: a short and stout underground leafy stem, formed by several plant families, especially the lily family. It consists primarily of a solid, flat, horizontal portion. The under side of this plate produces roots; the upper side is covered with thick, fleshy leaf bases in the center of which may be found a bud from which a new plant is developed. The outermost scales are usually thin and dry, a single scale surrounding the entire bulb; and some times the outer scales are fleshy and narrow. The onion is an excellent example of the first,-the coated or tunicated bulb. The bulb of the wood-sorrel is of the other sort. See Lily ; Netherlands
Covered by Collier's New Encyclopedia and Aiton's Encyclopedia