Literature

English. An outline of the literature of England seems all that is necessary in this place, since all important names are considered in separate articles. The most natural classification divides the literature into three periods, in accordance with the three periods so significant in the development of the language. The periods of Old and of Middle English must be regarded as preparatory. Modern English literature may be subdivided in many ways. The classification used in this sketch seems the most natural and convenient. A brief characterization of the periods of modern English literature may be found useful.

The period of the Renaissance is marked by the revival of classical learning and by the development of English prose. The Elizabethan Age is the most brilliant in the literary history of England, and one of the most illustrious periods in all human history. Beginning with the first year of the reign of Elizabeth, different classifications terminate the period variously with the death of Elizabeth; with the death of James I; with the execution of Charles I, as is done in the following outline; or with the Restoration. The Puritan Age has been called the "Augustan Age of English divinity," from the fact that it is characterized by theological eloquence. It is sometimes called the Age of Milton. The period of the Restoration is characterized by the decline of the drama and by the influence of French style in composition. Dryden is supreme in prose and poetry. The Classical Age is marked by the supremacy of classical poetry, of which Pope is the great representative, and by the development of the essay and the rise of the novel. The Johnsonian Age takes its name from Dr. Johnson, who brings classical prose to its height. The last of the great dramatists appears. The rise of romantic poetry and the development of historical literature are other features. In the age of romanticism, romantic poetry is fully developed, while classicism is abandoned. The romantic novel and the rise of journalism are to be noted. The Victorian Age is the age of progress. The development of the natural sciences, the spread of general knowledge, and the advance of democracy are the chief forces at work. The novel is supreme in literature. Artistic poetry and polished essays are produced. Criticism and history occupy important places. English literature exceeds all others in volume.

See Novel; Sonnet; Drama