Mausoleum

any splendid tomb of large size. The term is derived from a magnificent marble edifice erected at Halicarnassus about 350 B. C. by Queen Artemisia as a place of burial for her husband Mausolus, king of Caria. It ranked as one of the seven wonders of the world. It was destroyed by an earthquake, probably during the thirteenth century. Excavations were conducted during the nineteenth century. The foundation was found to be 128 feet by 100 feet in area. Fragments of sculptured lions, dogs, horses, pillars, and friezes representing Greeks fighting with Amazons have been removed to the British Museum. A basement sixty-five feet in height was surmounted by an Ionic colonnade twenty-three and one-half feet high. Above this was a pyramid rising by steps. At the apex were colossal figures of Mausolus and Artemisia, fourteen feet high, riding in a four-horse chariot. The mausoleum of the Emperor Hadrian at Rome is known as the Castle of San Angelo. The famous pyramids of Egypt were built as mausoleums. See Berlin; Napoleon; Grant; Garfield; Taj Mahal

Maximilian (1832-1867), emperor of Mexico. He was born at Vienna, July 6, 1832, and was shot by order of court-martial at Mexico, July 19, 1867. In 1863, while the authorities of the United States were too much engaged with the Civil War to insist on the observance of the Monroe Doctrine, Napoleon III of France, in imitation of Napoleon I, interfered in the affairs of Mexico. Under pretense of collecting debts due European creditors, he landed French troops to cooperate with the Mexican clergy who were opposed to President Juarez. The latter was driven from the capital, and an empire declared. The throne was offered to Maximilian, an Austrian prince. After the close of the Civil War the United States government insisted on the withdrawal of French troops from American soil. Juarez then got the upper hand. Maximilian's empress, Carlotta, daughter of Leopold, king of Belgium, went to Europe to solicit aid. France declined. The pope was powerless. Maximilian, deceived in the amount of aid to be expected from the natives, held out bravely when he might have secured his safety by flight. He was betrayed into the hands of Juarez by a general named Lopez. He was tried by court-martial. His execution was a foregone conclusion. Carlotta gave way under the strain and lost her reason. At last accounts she was living in a chateau near Brussels, broken-hearted and prematurely old. In his autobiography General Phil Sheridan states that secret assistance was given the Mexicans by the United States authorities. At one time 30,000 muskets were sent from the arsenal at Baton Rouge to the liberals under Juarez.

Maximilian I (1459-1519), emperor of Germany. He was the grandfather and predecessor of Charles V. He laid the foundation for the extensive German territory inherited by that monarch. He was involved in wars with the Hungarians, Turks, Swiss, Venetians, and French. He established the first German standing army and put an end to petty wars between his vassals. He was a man of chivalrous ideas, a promoter of arts and sciences--the greatest of the Maximilians.