The Meta-Encyclopedia

New York

New York names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.

New York a State in the North Atlantic Division of the North American Union

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a State in the North Atlantic Division of the North American Union; bounded by Ontario, Vermont. Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Long Island Sound, and the Atlantic ; one of Ocean the original 13 States; number of counties, 62; capital, Albany; area, 47,620 5,997,853; (1900) 7,268,012; (1910) square miles; pop. (1890) 9,113,279; (1920) 10,385,227. Topography. - The Adirondack tem lies in the N. E. corner, W. of Lake sys- Champlain, and contains the only great forest remaining as a public domain within the boundaries of the State. Its highest peaks are Mount Marcy, 5,379 feet; Mount MacIntyre, 5,183 feet; and Haystack, 4,919 feet. Other high peaks are Skylight, Whiteface, Clinton, Dix, Baldface, and Hopkins. rondacks lie the Catskills, noted for their scenic beauty, and as a summer resort. These mountains form the termination of a chain extending into the State from New Jersey, and are a continuation of the Blue Ridge range. Another branch enters the State at its S. boundary_and terminates in the Highlands on the Hudson. These mountains range in altitude from 1,500 to 3,500 feet. Among the more prominent are Beacon Hill, Bull Hill, and Butter Hill. A third range exappearing on the N. side of the river tends N. as far as the Mohawk, and renecting with the Adirondacks. The W. continues toward Lake Champlain, conportion of the State is undulating, descending in rolling terraces to Lake Ontario. The river systems are divided into two divisions, one flowing N. to the Great Lakes, and St. Lawrence, and the other reaching the Atlantic by the Hudson. The Hudson river, the most important in the State, rises in the Adirondack Mountains and is navigable for 150 miles. The St. Lawrence forms 100 miles of the Canadian boundary. Other important rivers are the Mohawk, entering the Hudson at Cohoes, the Susquehanna, formed by the Chenango and Tioga, the Delaware, Niagara, Black, Genesee, Oswego, and Allegheny. The lakes are numerous and noted for their beauty. One half of Lakes Ontario, and Champlain, and the E. end of Lake Erie are property of the State. Lake George, S. of Lake Champlain, is an extensive b Sundown Claryville ster Park 73° Livingston 72° Binnewater D E nor Stanfordville Ameni Rosendale Kerhonkson R. Lord Mohonk Lal arksville Neversink Staatsburg Thames R. Hank Lake West Park Liberty Millbro Voodbourne Ub Hyde Park Calicoon Hurlerville Dover Plains New Paltr OF Fallsburg Delaware Minnewaska Highland Poughkeepsie Gree Ellenville Greenfield Gardiner Centerville Sta. Cochectonc Wallkill Ardonia White Lake Monticello Summitville Warpingers Falle Matiboroo d Pawling New New Milford Pine Bush Wurtsboro Narrowsburg م Same Scale as Main Map Roseton Hamburg Stormville 10 Bullville Walden 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Connecticut R. Hartwood o Montgomery Matteawan Cirolevilleo Waterbury Otisvill Pasterson Mahkil Lon the Hudson Howells Newburgh Godellroy Towherr N. N Places of 100,000 and over New York Housotonic R. Barryville Middletown All PUTNA Judson Pondaddy O AN Carmel Brewster New Hamptono Washington Coroa Cold Spring Danbury " 25,000 to 100,000 Binghamton O Fille West Point New London Garrison Mahopad Sparrow Bush Goshen Chester Highland 10,000 to 25,000 Niagara Falls ervis ،، Matamoras Westtown Monroe o New Haven Heuvelton T Falis Croton Falls Saybrook County Towns Railroads. Milford Turner Florida UN D Fishers kskills Ardeno Tomki Unionvi Warwick deno Katonah Morristown I Canals R Depeyster Covelo Montros ine Cross River FISHERS I. LONG ISLANDS Bedford Sta ow Milford Haverstram Brier Hill Block Island Sussex Proton on Hudson Bridgeport Black ✓ PLUM 1. Tuxedo Park ROCKLAND Ossuing O Rocky Pt. Sound Montauk Delaware elt Gardiners (Shelter I Bay GARDINERS 2 Hillburn New Cr. Plea Hammondo Pope Mills Obanksville N Greenport Sulfern oppring Spring Val Targowne Lake swegao Pt. 1. Montan Hammond Brasie COTS 20 S.Norwalk Horton Pt. Jack Noutoo Baiting Hollow SHELTER 1. Southold Smithtown Pharmont nobba Ferrte Plainf Rossie Gouverneur Wading River ON W Port Jefferson andria Bay. Stony Brook Bay White Eatons Pt. 2 GRINDSTONE Fishers Redwood Bay • Mamaroneck Lloyd Pt. Mattifuck スダ 41 Rochelle Bay Sag JK Harbor Landing Therese Indian Oxbow o Northport LAndover Peconic Amagansett Y • Harrison Kingston Yonkers Spragueville burg Riverhead, Bridgehampton Paterson Glen Coveyster New Clayton Mt. Vernon Antwerp L N THOUSAND La Fargeville Orleans Manorville Bonapar Middle Island Southampton WOLFE CARLETON 1. Four Cors 0 。 • Smithtown VW Good Ground Hackensacks Philadelphia L. Ronkonkoma OCEA Part Washing oodbury ESLAND Cape Vincent Sea Cliff Grönt Nook Sterlingville Bonaparte Depauville AMHERSTI ISLANDS F Eastpor 72° S Central US Belvidere Yaphank ९ Perch L. Three Mile Bay • C Islipo Patchogue Morristown • Brook Haven Chaumont Flushing NASSAU Hicksville Hobe Evans Mills Natural Newark 77 Chaumont FFERSON Bridge ONE TOMOKOf Mintola Farmingdale GRENADIER Chaumont New York Brooklyn Bay Bay Phillipsburg Cy. Bay Shoreo Savville Limerick Black B QUEENSPEL • Floralo. Hempstead o 440 Jersey Great South Black River Carthage Pt. Peninsula Jamaica Picton Pabylon Elizabeth DUCK 1. Watertown Deer River Sacket Amityville Massapequa, Roorville Cen. Brook ~ Burrs.Mills KINGS GALLOO F Now Brighton Rahwayo Tompkinsville C NG I Smithville 8. Rutland Copenhagen Bay Pt. Croghan Somerville Lawrence Far, Rockaway Stapleton port T RICHMOND Castorland STONY CONEY N Perth Amboy Cottenville Princebay Adams Cen. Barnes Cors. Adams Riemington Beaver Falls STATEN onik Henderson A Pt. Peter 78° ISLAND Sand Hook New Bremen- Lowville Belleville 0 Worth O 75° New Brunswick Pierrepont Woodville D EW Manor Diamond Re Rector Glenfield RI Black R CA A Toronto 79° Mannsville B Hooker Houseville Band creek Page o Greenboro Lacona ONTA E Solmon New Centerville Lyons Falls Pulaski Richland K Port Leyden 이 LA Talcottville Thirtymile Pt R Point Breeze Fernwood Mohawk Hillo Lycoming Altmar Kasoag Demster Oswego Boonville Londonville W. Kendall 0 Manitou Pt. SWE W.Leyden Valo Appleton Carlton GO N.Hannibal Fairbanks Pt. Olcotto Mexico Maple View Williamstown Florence Point Kendall Morton Carlyono Fair Haven Sterling Great-Sodus Bl Sodus Pt Sodus Wilson dewfane Vermillion Oswego R. Bart Haulino N. Greece Rock Youngsto Barker • Middleport 70 Niagara Hilton Westdale St Claverhouse est Palermoo Hastings Amboy Cen D Ontario Cen Hamilton Williamson N.Huron o Red Creek Sterling • Glenmore Kent Millers Port Dalhousie Camden unibal Fulton Ontario o ORLEAN Brockport Tale Central Square Webstero Spencerport ONDA Medina cumville CANALO Lewiston Niagara Uniko Pennellville o Volcott W Monroe Ransomville ronhards Bay McConnells Holland Martville Modeltown Albion Holley Constantis ERIE Charlotte Phenix Lockport Gasport Meridian Clay N.Bay Ira Oneida Lake State. Bridge, Oriskany BelgiumO W.Vienna St. Catherines D Lincoln 1 Clarendon Cold Water Chille Churchville Black Sanborn Victory R Baldwinsville Euclid gton Springlakes to 6 Shelby Sodus Cen. S. Butler Cross L Lincoln Parko Caledonia Chippawa Rome Bridgeport Rochester Wolworth, Niagara Beach Ridge Tonawanda A GAR Grand Pittsford E. Rochester Mills A Marion CANAL Elba ron • N. Syracuse ampsville Vernon Clark Durhamville Oneids NewYork Falle N Onondaga E. Syracuse Oakfield, Le Salle Liverpool Clyde Canastota CANAL Clyde R. Cayuga burn skaneatele Fairport Warner Basoma Lyons R. Seneca R Getzville Cr. Henrietth Clarence o Cen. Akron Bergen Clifton Port Byron. Camillus vracuse awands O Macedop Kenwood Mine Batavia Morganville Scottsville Jordan ERIE Welland GRAND Palmyra Chitteille Cen. Vernon Clinton avannah Cayuga o Clarenceo Newe Mendon Fishers Port Gibsonl Williamsville WELLAND Fayetteville tenang Pembroke Le Roy Grandmote Deper Alden, pasien Alors der Layllion For Clifton Sors. Falls Crittenden G Mum fod Rochester Shortsville Jc. GENESEE Caledonia Honeye Falle Bloomteld Manlius Oran Munnsvilled Marcellus Victon N. Bloomfield Canandaigus Border Cy Seneca Deansboro Buffalo Slono Corfu Skaneateles E.Bethany Linyoba O Waterloo Avon Fowlerville Phelps Casenduid LOR RONONDAGA Oriskany Falls Stockwell Lo Port Colborne Cazenovia Rose Hill Marietta Lima Lancaster Pomper Morrisville Madison Otisco LaLafayette Lackawanna Ebenezer Elms Bristol Geney York Attica Pearl Orbek Canoga Mapleton Lakeylile O No/T Livonia Porterville Benningtuomingo LAKEBRIE RIO Otisco Delphi Falls MADIS Retsof Genesen Livonia Blasdell E R Sprslo Bristol SON Borodino Cheshire Hamilton Sen een 6 Fayette o Apulia Sta. Athol Vespero Hemlock Cen % 10 Cuylerville o Union Owasco Bromleyon Orchard E.Aurora Wales Cen, Varysburg Perry Cen Sheds Lebanon E. Hamilton C 010 Gorham Conesys D. Crock Honeoye L. Honeoye Cananduigua 6 Tully Hamburg Or MacDougall Dake Orasco Sprs N.Evane Mosco Georgetown Park Warsaw Wales! Aufora Tula Rushville Bellona Hem De Ruyter Venice Cen Earlville Conekus O Dresden Willard (Poplarridge, • Cayuga Derby Johnsonburg Perry West Falls Bristol stol Scott Potter Seneca Preble N.Boston Holland Strykorn WYOMIN Mt. Morris Angola N.Java Silver Silver L. Webster Sprs. Cuyler Upperville Moravia YOMING Groveland Crossing Middlesex Penn Yan Sherburne Eden Boston Little York ville Tuscarora Sta. O Farnham Brant Sheldrake Springwater Glenwood Lincklaen Silver Sprs. Locke CORTLAND Bluff Point Lake Ovid Java Gainesville Ireland Mills ON Collins Naples YAT Atwater E. Homer Homer o P LIVINGSTO Silver Creek Lawton Sta. Chafee ES Castile Bliss New Berlin ○ Portage Hunt Sheria Smiths dan Mills McGraw Nunda Pharsalia Chenango Lake o O Branchport Interlaken Lake N.Lansing E. Concord Cortland Eagle Dunkirk Himrod Sardinia Arcade Dansville Pitcher N.Cohocton Collins Cen. Con. 10 Wayland Prattsburg Pulteney Covert Perrysburg Collins Springville Freadem ville Taughannock Groton Dalton Genesee Starkey o rumansburgo o Falls Freeville Blodgett Mills Norwich Perkinsville Dundeeo Forestville Tioughnioga Fillmore taga Cincinnatus CHENANGO Gowanda Cattaraud fordo Farmersville Faugus Déleyan Cohocton Vineyard Swain Virgilo LKeuka Hector 6 Fredonia Jacksonville Canas Wallace Wheeler Catawhack Stream o Portland Brocton McDonough Houghton Whitney O S. Dansville Mecklenburg TOMPKINS Dryden' E.Otto Willet Hamlet Ottoo Crossings Burns Avoca Urbane Tronad Reading Cent Oxford Haynes Sta. Rushford Caneaden S.Dayton Lilly Dalee a PMarathon W.Valley Ithaca 。 1 Burdett Westfield Arkport 10 Kanon Hammondsport poS CHUYLER Enfield Harford ㅇ Cattaraugus ooOtto Stocktono Mt. Upton Cassadaga o Plato Franklinville, Cen. Oramel 8.Oxford Richford Killaise Upper Centralin Cherry CreekoC Howard o Watkins Brisben Guilford Newfield Brookton ord Leon West Mayville Lislé Belfast CATTARAUGUScreeko AL hemuno Montereyb Almond ◎ Bath N W. Danby Speedsville Whitney Point Triangle Chenang Rockdale Montour Falls Angelica ۲۵ Ripley Dewittyville Sinclairvillko CHAUTAUQUA Black Hornell • Oдebba New Albion Beaver Dams daipine Willseyvilleo Alfred Sta LLEGANY Canisteo Conowango Val Chautauqua Chautariqua Kennedy Greene Coventry Ellicottville Adrian d Nanticoke Savona Dittle Valley Belvidere Berkshire Alfredo STEUBEN Chenango Forks Bainbridge Mill Po 10 Ischus Cuba Ketelhumville Pine Sherman Swartwoo Salamanca of Great Valley Belmont Kill Buck Hinsdale Lake Falconer Steamburge Findley Take Humphrey Valley Campbell Curtis Coopers Bemus Point Afton Friendship Newark 10 Candor Stow Castle Creek Tunnelo Cameron Vanetten Randolph Red. House Valley o Andover Greenwood Cameron Mills Pointed Posto Rathbone Plains Erin of Spencer Chenango Br. Erie Ashville Nile Nineveh Maine Panama Horseheads Port Crane Carrollton Allegany BreesportTIO W. Clarksville Wellsville NeClymer ! GA Lake Jamestown N.Sanford Endicott BROOME Apalachin Lestershic usquehann Halsey Val. Richburg CHEMUNG Corning Elmira Watts o Jasper Tunesassa wood Olean Weston Mills French Or. Binghamton Sanford O OW Frewsburg Addison Uniono Rexville Allentown Owego o Flats Niobe •N.Chemung Tioga Cen. Chipmonk Clymer Ot Busti Presno Caton Southport, Onoville Bolivar Portville Woodhull Whitesville Lit.Genesee Alma Shonge Limestone of Damascus Windsor Knapp Cr Lowman Barton 。 Troupsburg G Lindley Deposit Conewango Pine Cy Kirkwood Seeley Cro Traceycreek Chemung Nichols Akeley Allegheny Corry Genesec Wellsburg Cr. P Z Hancock Somerslane S L A N A I 80° A 79° B 78° C 77° Longitude D 76° West from E 75° F 74° G 73° D A Cornwall Mooera Forks Mode Massena Cen. Frontier O Churubusc P Louisville Cham Fort Covington Sun Chateat Ellenburg Depot Bombay Sclota Constable Brainardsville Waddy N Louisville ORTH HERO 1. S.Bombay Altona Ellenburg B • Brasher Cen. N Bangor Malone Raymondville Sprs. Chateauge Chateaugay Chassy St. Albans Lawrence se Mill Brushton N. Lawrence Bangor Whippleville O CLINTON North Hero Norfolk Winthropo V Moira Norwood Nicholvill Dickinson Skerry Chasm Falls Madrid Raquette 20 Ishead (Lyon Mt. Dannemora R awrenceville Cen. Madrid: Sots: Reynoldston Plattsburg GRAND O Chateangay L. Chazy L. Lodyer ISLE Lisbon Champlain Hopkinton St. Regis Duane Mountainvie Ordensbur Clay7anac R. Falls Potsdam DAKE CHAMP Moffittsville Kemptonp "Keeseville Ausable Chasm Redford pa Lapham Parishville Clara Meacham Lake Inman Peru o Valcour Canton Hannawa Rensselaer FRANKLI Falls Trout P Falls Pierrepont Colton Wicke Madawaska Meacham L. Loon Lake Port G Lake Dekalb Jc. St. Regi Rainbow Lake Regis P Paul Smiths Clintonville Kushaqua Longbow স S.Colton LAWRENCE Alderbrook Blackbrook. Blue Mt. Br. Ausable Fork Douglass Burlington Bloomingdale Ausabl Bay Pondo Vermontville E Stark Bigelow Gabriele Essex Jo. SP Willsborg Point Upper St. Regis St. Regis Jordan L. Clare Hollywood Palmerville'o Jay Up.Saranac Ampersand Wilmington Upper Jay Deerhead Willsborogo Derrick - V ) Degrasse Clarksboro 2 Kildare o Saranac Lake/ Essex Upper Algonquin Taleville Edwards Matumbla Mt. Sarande Sevey Lake Placid Whallonsburg, Childwold Gale Os Newtonfalls Low. Saranac Lo Newman Wawbeek S.Elwards wege Massawepie Plercefieto Keene Elizabeth Wadham egatchie R Windfall Mrd. Saranac. L. Mt. Maroy town Westport R Fine Coreys Faust Cranberry Lake Oswegatchie Benson Cranber Tupper Lake Harrisville Keene 0 ACK Ampersand P Aldrich Moody Mines RESS NEX NE pper L Wanakena TD Benderson L. St. Huberts Russia Mineville Streater L Moriah Ceno 0 Sanford L Sabattis Lit. Tupper L. Moriaho Port Henry New haven Middlebury Catlin In Boreas Mi. Elk L. الے Long 44 Bog L Blueridge N.Hudson Crownpoint Lake Long Lake Newcomb Sana P. Nehasane Chain Lake Tahawus Boreas R M R Schroon Egatch Nehasane Le 16 Deerland Beaver S. River Paradox Crownpoint Con. Brandreth L aroth L Forked Iw σ Ironville 2 Big Moose Raquette Eagle Towahloondah Beaver River Lake Fr. Ticonderoga, Nest Kirschnerville Lake BOT Schroon Lake Blue Min. Lake 3 Ticonderoga Mt. Pharaoh Loch Muller Number Four Antlers Rogers Rock Wright S.Schroon Schroon Le Hague Hudson Raquette Lake RODEagle Baya Big Moose Watson Minbowbrook HAMILTON Minerve Taylors Olmstedville on: Schoo Adirondack roon IS Putnam Sta Brantlake Inlet 1 Indian Lake Brantingham Fultono Fulton ulton Lakes North River Pottersville Brant L. Silver Bay Rutland Sabael Old Forge Horicon LAKE North Creek Clemonsoliner R Chain Moose R. Cadar Lake Indian McKeever Chestertown Sodom Wevertown Lake Johnsburg GEORGE W Canada ام Woodhull Garnet Moose River Otter Lak Bolton Landingu Sagamore Lakes Hampton R mnedagas L. Leyden Sta Chub L RREN Bolton W Honneda Atwell Radeville Thurman Spruce L Speculator Warrensburg White Lake Core Bla Honnedaga Lake Pleasant) Griffin Athol 91 Knowelhurst Kaatskill Mid Granville L. Alford Lake George Bay Fort Ann TarnesdaPleasant Alder Greez Granville WiStony Creek Stony Creek NorthwoN Brad Wilmurt Morehouseville Piseco L. E Steuber Hartford Wells Kingsbury Branch Hinckler Smiths Basin Hoffmeister Sacanda Hadley Glens Fall wodd 4 Remsen Hope, Conklingv He Luzerne Sandy Hill Ferris L. Prospect Grant Hopefallsdaga A Norteandaga R NG Z Belcher Benson Patent Trenin Gray Benson Cen. o Fort Edwardo Argyle HO Cossayuna Z. Manchester Cold Brook Corinth Ville? l Falls Poland Stittville Whitesboro Moses Bacandag Parko oland Norway Batchellerville Gansevoorto Stratford Cranberry Cr. o Ft.Mille Kin Fairh Emmonsburg Marcy Middleville la Salem Thomson Porter Cors TO SARATOGA Pinelake Mayfield Middle Grove Greenfield Cen Utica Shushan U Salisbury F ERIE Herkimer ittle Rockwood Gloversville EGalwayo Dolgeville Saratoga Sprs. Broadalbin Hartford Saratoga L. Sauquoit o م Cambritige alls Johnstown wn. Vail Mills W.Galway Ilion CANALD 43 Tiashorn Buskirk Bridge- G T Mohaw St. Johns: Ephratahニーニunter Villa Fondao EU Ballston Spa Wayville Johnsonville Hposick Mechanicsville Mohawk Clayville. o Cassville Jordanville Amsterdam. Bridgewas! Cedarville Fort Plain S Columbia at Ballaston Lake Bchaghticoke Hoostok Falls Fulton Pattersonville Randall W Winfiel ville Canajoharie R.. Clifton Pko Melrose Minsville Hoosick Hoofick B Bennington MONTGOMERY Schenectady Crescent o 5 Richfield Sprs. S Salt Spring W. Exeter Schuyler L. Sharon Spr. Argusville. Pittstown Ames Esperance Waterford Grafton SCHENECTAL Ville Schuyler Lake Otsege Lohe Leonards P Cherry Valley Petersburg 5.Schenectady Cohoes Cropseyville Duanesburg Sharon Carlisle Sloansy Dle W. Edmeston Watervliet Troy Rose boom Central Br. Berlin Burlington Cooperstown Allamonto W.Albany S. Valley 8. Wynantskill Gallupville Slingerlands RENSSELAER Phoenix Mills Edmeston Westford Cobleskill Garratts Hartwick Schoharie Berne ALBANY E.Greenbush A Averillpark E.Worcester Richmondville ville Westville Worcester Summit Middleburg Clarksville New Lisbon Milfordo E.Schodack Glenmont OTSE GO SCHOHARIE ALBANY Morris Maryland Scheneve S Stephentown Castleton Brainard Eminence Breakabe Break Rensselaervill Dormansville S. Schodack Lebanon Sprs. Jefferson Holmesville Ravena o Lo-Cooperstown Je Livingstonville Preston New Lebanon W.Oneonta N.Blenheim Oneonta Gilbertsville Hollow Westerlo Old Chatham Pittsfield Mackey Davenport S.Jefferson Valatie Jeferson & Gilboa Norton Hill Now Baltimore Davenport Cen. Canaan Stamfordo S Wells Bridge Hobart Coornwallville Coxsackie Kinderhook Chatham Meridale Unadilla S.Kortright Grand Gorge R. Columbiaville Ghent 6 CATSKYLL Franklin م ✓✓ Prattsville Windham Athens COLUMBI Bloom ville Sidney Delhi Bovina Roxburyo Ashland Hudson Cairo Sidney Cen. Woodford Lexington GREENE Housatonic Philmont Halcottsville Tannersville Catskill Claverack Hillsdate Hin Masonville Hamden New Kingstono Catskill Sta. ARE/GMmn Cors. Andes DELA Alsen b Haines Falls Berkshire Pass Margaretville Pine Pine Hill ne o Barbourville R Palen file Shandaken Malden-on-Buda W Copake Walton Br. Delaware Shauctown Ro Arena MOUN-T-A-IN S Germantown Rock Rift De waar Union Boston Cor. Big Indian Phoenicia Saugerties Tivol ما Apex Aneram 0 Grove BADOV ville • Beech ford 4 Katrine Canaan Hardenburg Barrytown 6 Silvernails 42 Pine Plain ULSTERP Cadosia Red Hoo Horton Beaver Kill Branch Shokan W. Hurley Milan Claryville Brodhead Kingston Rhinecliff 2 Fishs Eddy Millerton Roscoe Rhinebeck Shekomekor Cooks Falls Livingston Manor o N CO DUTCHESS, Samsonville Tordville Sundown o LLIVAN 7 Staatsburg Amenla Parksville Long Eddy Greenwich 75° F 74° G Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng, Co. 1921 sheet of water and is a noted The central portion of the State has extensive lake system, containing Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Keuka, and Canandaigua lakes. The Adirondack region is full of lakes, including Long, Schroon, Upper and Lower Saranac, Placid, and Raquette. Chautauqua, in the S. and Saratoga and Otsego in the E. among the many pleasure resorts. waterfalls in the State are numerous and include Niagara Falls, Trenton Falls, Genesee Falls, Portage, Taghkanie, and those near Ithaca, and in Watkins Glen. There are many large islands, Manhattan, containing the greater part of New York City, Long Island, Staten Island, Coney Island, and Fire Island are on the S. Shore; and the St. Lawrence river contains over 700 small islands belonging to New York. The entire State is noted for its scenery; the Palisades, Highlands, and Catskills on the Hudson, Lake George, and Lake Champlain, the islands in the St. Lawrenee, numerous waterfalls, chasms, inland lakes, and glens, all abound in historical traditions and are of great in terest to the tourist. The chief harbors are New York, on New York Bay; Dunkirk and Buffalo on Lake Erie; Tonawanda and Lewiston, on Niagara river; Genesee, Sodus, Oswego, Sacketts Harbor, and Cape Vincent on Lake Ontario; the St. Lawrence; Ogdensburg on Rouse's Point, Plattsburg, and Whitehall, on Lake Champlain; and Sag Harbor on the E. end of Long Island. Geology. Nearly all the formations are present in New The Archæan is represented in the rondacks and the Highlands on Hudson by gneisses and granites. Palæozoic constitutes four - fifths area of the State and is represented schists, slates, and metamorphosed rocks in the E. and by massive sandstones in the Catskills. The Palæozoic is represented by the Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian periods. The Triassic and Jurassic are represented by Newark sandstones and shales, in Rockland county; and the Pleistocene, by glacial drift, and lacustrinea and estuarine clays covering a great part of the State. The Pleistocene ice sheet covered the entire State and is responsible for many of the details of topography. Soil and Productions. - About one the area of the State is adapted to tivation. The principal forest trees the maple, oak, pine, elm, hickory, birch, ash, hemlock, spruce, poplar, willow, whitewood wh, basswood, butternut, sycamore, ailantus, black walnut, yew, and sumach. glass. resort. Agriculture is carried on to a large exan tent, New York being one of the leading agricultural States in the Union. The chief agricultural crops in 1919 were as follows: corn, 35,260,000 bushels, valued at $58,532,000; oats, 29,580,000 bushels, valued at $24,551,000; wheat, 11,178,000 W., bushels, valued at $ 24,32,000; hay, are 6,539,000 tons, valued at $ 134,870,000; The beans, 1,450,000 bushels, valued at $ 7, - , 105,000; potatoes, 39,567,000 bushels, valued at $57,372,000. Much attention is paid to dairy and market farming, and the State ranks first in the production of buttre and milk. Mineral Production. - New York ranks among the first of the States in the production of iron ore. In 1918 there were shipped from the iron mines of the State 889 889,970 long tons of iron ore, valued at $5 $5,802,807. The value of the clay products amounts to over $12,000,000 anlly. Salt is an important mineral nually product. Over 2,000,000 tons are produced annually with a value of about $6,000,000. The value of the cement products is about $7,000,000 annually. Other important mineral products are aluminum, ferro alloys, petroleum, sand gravel. The total value of the mineral production of the State in 1917 was $52,123,552. Manufactures. The river systems with their extensive water power, the proximity of the Pennsylvania coal fields, and the facilities for transportation make New York one of the most prom- The folgeological inent manufacturing States. York. lowing figures relate to the census of Adi- 1914. Number of establishments, 48,203; the wage earners, 1,057,857; capital in- The vested, $ 3,334,278,000; amount paid for the materials, $ 2,108,607,000; value of prodby ucts, $ 3,814,661,000. Niagara Falls gives enormous power which is turned into electricity and used in the manufacture of aluminum, caborundum, and machinery. Schenectady is famous for its locomotives and electrical apparatus, Balston Spa for its paper mills, Elmira for its car shops, Oswego for flour mills, Kingston for hydraulic cement, Haverfor bricks, Rochester for optical for straw goods, Syracuse for salt, and Brooklyn, New York ork City, Buffalo, Utica, Albany, Troy, Binghamton, Yonkers, and Long Island City for general manufactures. The principal articles of manufacture - half include cotton, woolen, and silk goods, 1 cul- boots and shoes, clothing, tobacco, are liquors, foundry and machine shop prodbeech, ucts, paper, flour and grist, locomotives, cedar, electrical goods, machinery, furniture, chestnut, household and agricultural implements, locust, toys and novelties, leather goods, and Vol. VI-Cyc-CC Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 485 National banks in operation, with an aggregate capital stock of $179,125,000; outstanding circulation, $71,646,134; and United States bonds and deposits, $76,302,400. There were also 210 State banks, with $39,603,- $5,000, 000 in capital, $61,911,000 in surplus; ; and $1,270,298 in resources; 89 private banks, with $1,521,000 in capital, $2,868- 000 in surplus, and $23,358,000 in resources; 141 mutual and stock savings banks, with $2,179,034,000 in savings deposits, $181,127,000 in surplus, and $2,367,040,000 in resources; and 101 loan and trust companies, with $136,043,000 in capital, $206,490,000 in surplus, and $3,654,027,000 in resources. The exchanges at the various clearing houses in the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, were as follows: New York, $214,703,444,000; Buffalo, $1,429,378,000; Rochester, $454, 421,000; and Albany, $252,248,000. Education. The total school population of the State in 1918 and 1919 was 2,386,836. There were registered in the public schools 1,672,311 pupils. The average attendance was 1,310,826. The total expenditures for public schools during that year amounted to $92,334,179, and the receipts to $133,833,419. The principal colleges include Columbia University, New York University, Manhattan College, College of the City of New York, and St. Francis Xavier College in New York City; Hobart College at Geneva; University of Buffalo at Buffalo; Cornell University at Ithaca, Union College at Sch Schenectady; Syracuse University at Syracuse; University of Rochester at Rochester; Hamilton College at Clinton; and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy. The women's colleges include Vassar College at Poughkeepsie; Barnard College at New York City; Wells College at Aurora; Elmira College at Elmira; and Teachers' College at New York City. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Roman Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Regular Baptist, Prostestant Episcopal, Reformed Jewish, Congregational, Lutheran General Council, and Lutheran Synodical Conference. Railways. The total railway mileage of the State in 1919 was about 8,500. The roads having the longest mileage are the New York Central, the Erie, the Delaware and Hudson, and the Lehigh Valley. Finances. The assessed value of real and personal property in the State in 1919 was $12,758,021,934. The direct taxes levied in that year amounted to $13,523,503. The ordinary receipts amounted to $80,408,634, and the ordi nary expenditures to $78,941,313. The excess receipts over the expenditures was $1,492,232. Charities and Corrections. - Among the most important charitable and correctional institutions in the State are the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Bath, Boys' Reformatory at Elmira, House of Refuge at Randalls Island, Institution for Feeble-Minded at Syracuse, Craig Colony Colony for Epileptics at Sonyea, Reformatory for Women at Bedford Hills. The total cost for the support of charitable and correctional institutions in the State is about $3,000,000 annually. State Government. The governor is elected for a term of two years, and receives a salary of $10,000 per annum. Legislative sessions are held annually, commencing on the first Wednesday in January, and the length of the session is unlimited. The Legislature has 51 members in the Senate and 150 in the House. There are 43 Representatives in Congress. In 1920 the governor was a Democrat, and the Legislature Republican. History. The first explorations of New York were made by Champlain and Henry Hudson in 1609, Champlain coming down from Canada, as far as the lake which bears his name, and Hudson, discovering New York Bay, and sailing up the Hudson river. The region surrounding the Hudson was claimed by the Dutch who called the place New Netherlands, sending out numerous colonists, who explored the country along the Hudson and Long Island Sound, and founded trading posts at Fort Orange (now Albany), and at New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island, the latter the present city of New York. The Dutch settlements were invaded by the English from Connecticut, and by the Swedes in Delaware. The E.glish claimed New Netherlands as part of Virginia, priorly discovered by Cabot, and Charles II., in 1664, granted a charter of all the lands lying between the Hudson and the Dela ware to his brother, the Duke of York. In August of the the same year the whole country passed into the possession of the English, who gave the name of New York to New Amsterdam, and that of Albany to Fort Orange. When the Duke of York ascended the English throne as James II., the government became an appendage to the crown, and was administered by viceroys bearing the title of governor. In 1684 Governor Dongan concluded an offensive and defensive treaty with the Indians; and from that time forward the English became their allies and fast friends. The peace of Ryswick in 1697, terminating the war NEW YORK BARGE CANAL 447 between England and France Frontenac, the French governor ada at the time, directed against the Five Nations. ceeding was frustrated by the English governor of the province, who supported the Indians. The great conflict between England and France to decide the sovereignty of America broke out in 1754. In 1756, the French destroyed Oswego; and, in the following year, Fort William Henry capitulated to the French, when the English garrison was massacred by the Indian allies of the victors. In 1758 General Abercrombie was defeated at Ticonderoga, and Colonel Bradstreet took Fort Frontenac. In 1759 Niagara surrendered to General Prideaux and Sir William Johnson, and Ticonderoga and Crown Point were abandoned, leaving no French troops within the limits of the colony. In 1775 the Revolutionary War broke out, and in February, 1776, an American force took possession of New York City, which they held till the defeat at Long Island in August. In 1783 New York City was evacuated by the British. The first constitution of the State was adopted in 1777, and was successively revised in 1801, 1821, 1846, 1877. In 1788 New York adopted the Federal Constitution. The National Government was first located in New York City, which was the State capital till 1797. During the War of 1812 important events took place on the N. boundary, along Lake Ontario, the Niagara river, and on Lake Champlain. Slavery was abolished in 1817. Steamboat navigation was begun on the Hudson in 1807, and in 1825 the Erie Canal was completed from the Lakes to the Hudson. New York took an active part in the Civil War, supplying large numbers of troops to the army. Since the close of the war rapid steps of progress have been made, and the State has attained a position which gives it a fair claim to the title of Empire State.

New York the largest city on the western continent

Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)

the largest city on the western continent. In size and commercial importance it is the second city of the world. It is situated on Manhattan Island and adjacent islands and shores at the mouth of the Hudson River . The original city was founded by the Dutch in 1614 and was known as New Amsterdam. It was situated on the lower end of Manhattan. A few events in the history of the city may be mentioned: 1664. The city passed into the hands of the English, and was called New York. 1741. An alleged negro plot to burn the city caused a panic resembling the Salem witchcraft delusion. A score of negroes were hung or burnt at the stake. 1776. The British occupied the city from September 15, 1776, to Evacuation Day, November 25, 1783. Business stagnated. Ships lay rotting in the harbor. 1789. Washington was inaugurated president. New York remained the capital of the nation until 1790. 1825. The opening of the Erie Canal made New York the gateway for Western commerce. 1863. The draft riot broke out. Enraged by an arrangement whereby the wealthy were enabled to escape draft by the payment of $300 into the treasury, the dregs of the populace rose in riot and began killing negroes, the alleged cause of the war. Ere the police and military could quell the disturbance $2,000,000 worth of property had been burned and 1,200 rioters slain. 1871. The downfall of the Tweed Ring. See Tweed and TAMMANY. The territory of the city has expanded steadily. In 1873 the limits were carried eastward to the mainland, taking in a section of Westchester County. Similar measures followed rapidly. In 1898 the city of Brooklyn and other territory was added, forming Greater New York. The consolidated city embraces 327 square miles and has a population estimated in 1909 at 4,451,000. The official census of 1900 returned 3,437,202 inhabitants. The population, like that of London, is gathered from all parts of the earth. Only one person out of five may be described as an American. The Germans, 786,453 strong, slightly exceed the Irish. There are more Germans in New York than in Hamburg; more Irish thrice over than in Dublin; more Russians than in Nijni-Novgorod; more Italians than in Florence; more English than in two old Yorks; as many Austrians, Poles, Hungarians, and Bohemians as in the half of Budapest; Scots enough for a new Greenock; Scandinavians enough for a ward of Christiana; half as many Canadians as in Quebec; and more Jews than ever made a living at any one time in Jerusalem. The city is divided into five boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, and Richmond. Certain local affairs are managed for each borough by a local board and local appointments are made by its president. The city at large is governed by a mayor, a comptroller of finance, and a board of aldermen, all elected by popular vote. The mayor has large powers. His salary is $15,000 a year. He holds office for two years. New York is so large and has such varied interests that a description of the city would require too much space. A lot of miscellaneous information may be of interest. The annual public expenditure is $117,000,000. It requires 600 tons of paper to print the ballots for a city election. There are 2,534 miles of streets, swept, lighted, and sprinkled at a cost of over $8,000,000 a year. There are 1,557 miles of sewers. Garbage and ashes are removed by the city free of charge when placed in cans provided for the purpose. This service costs the city $2,500,000 a year. The city owns nearly 2,000 miles of water mains, and supplies consumers 300,000,000 gallons daily. There are 82 police stations and about 10,000 policeman. There are over 4,000 paid firemen. The street car lines, operated chiefly by electricity, occupy over 1,200 miles of streets. The American Grocer estimates the expenditures for different articles of food as follows: Fish $18,000,000 Meat 30,000,000 Butter 35,000,000 Eggs 30,000,000 Poultry 32,000,000 Bread 12,000,000 Potatoes 28,000,000 Vegetables 90,000,000 Cheese 8,000,000 Apples 10,000,000 Oranges and grape fruit 7,000,000 Lemons 4,000,000 Grapes 2,000,000 Dried and preserved fruits 6,000,000 Bananas 3,000,000 Confectionery 25,000,000 The key to the geography of New York City is Broadway, leading from the southern point of Manhattan Island northward into the country, as a matter of fact, to Albany. The lower part of the island is a confused medley of streets, rivaling the congested portions of London. Washington Irving, in his humorous account of New Amsterdam, states that the city fathers neglected the laying out of streets so long that the cows undertook the matter and that buildings were accordingly erected facing the chief cowpaths. The upper part of the island is laid out with regularity. North-and-south thoroughfares are called avenues; east-and-west, streets. Wall Street is noted in the financial world. Broadway, Sixth avenue, and the Bowery are retail streets. Fifth avenue, Madison, Riverside, and West End are residence streets. In addition to surface cars elevated car lines afford rapid transit. A subway or underground railway of four tracks extends from the city hall, near the business center, northward, dividing like the letter "Y" to the northeast and northwest respectively. Enormous passenger ferries leave the wharves for Jersey, Long Island , and eastern shores every few minutes. Brooklyn Suspension Bridge and other bridges afford an elevated outlet in that direction. Tunnels are under way also beneath the waters of the Hudson, the North, and the East rivers. A double tunnel for a double-track underground electric line passing under the Hudson from Hoboken to New York City, was opened for traffic in 1909. It cost $70,000,000. The trip requires ten minutes. Some idea of the facilities requisite to convey people to and from the center of business may be had from the statement that a million fares are taken daily. None the less, the night population of the lower part of the island is still crowded. The city has in all 7,000 acres of parks. Breathing places on Manhattan Island are the Battery, City Hall grounds, Union, Madison, Washington, Bryant, and other squares, and Central Park, one of the world's noteworthy city parks. Various squares and public places are adorned with statues, in bronze and marble, of President Arthur, Beethoven, Columbus, Peter Cooper, Ericsson, Farragut, Franklin, Garibaldi, Greeley, Nathan Hale, Halleck, Hamilton, Hancock, Heine, Irving, Lafayette, Lincoln, Morse, Seward, Schiller, Scott, Shakespeare, Thorwaldsen, Washington, Webster, and many others. A mere list of public buildings occupies much space. Castle Garden, where emigrants used to land, is now an aquarium. A new custom house erected at the site of old Fort Amsterdam at an expense of $10,000,000, is considered by New Yorkers the most imposing and convenient structure ever built for the purpose. The Chamber of Commerce building cost $1,000,000. The New York Stock Exchange is a handsome building. It ranks next to that of London in the volume of bonds and securities handled under its roof. Cooper Union, the Postoffice, Trinity Church, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Opera House, the Cathedral of St. John, and the various university buildings require mention. Madison Square Garden is the largest hall in America. In a city where the homes of millionaires line entire streets single residences cannot be named. The hotels of the city are built on a scale of magnificence. Of late a tendency has been developed to erect lofty office buildings in the heart of the business section. Seen from a distance the skyscrapers, as they are appropriately called, loom up above the general profile of the city like elevators above the prairie villages in the grain-growing sections of the country. The Flatiron Building, so called from the shape of the land on which it stands, is a leading example. It stands at the corner of Broadway and Twenty-third Street. The foundations are carried down seventy feet. The superstructure rises twenty-one stories above the sidewalk. The walls consist of a framework of steel beams which not only carry the floors, but the terra cotta and stone work as well. The framework of such a building is raised first and the brick work built into it and supported by it like tiling. The Singer Building is the tallest office building in the world. It is 47 stories high. A twenty-inch gilded ball on the top of the flagstaff is 723 feet above the sidewalk. New York is the great American publishing center. Nearly 800 periodicals, including 40 dailies, 200 weeklies, 275 monthlies, and 25 quarterlies are published here. Over one-third of the books published in the United States are issued by New York houses. The city has a fine library system. The Astor, the Lenox, and the Tilden bequests have been consolidated under one management, with a property of $4,500,000, and three-fourths of a million bound volumes. A monumental library building is under way on the site of the old reservoir. Columbia University, the New York Historical Society, the Mercantile Library, and other institutions have as many more. Andrew Carnegie has given the city $3,000,000 with which to build and equip fifty branch libraries. New York City invests $25,000,000 a year in education, a sum unequaled in the history of cities. This expenditure is for current expenses outside of buildings and sites. There are 500 free public schools, a cordon of free high schools, and of training schools for teachers. Over 10,000 college students are enrolled in the various institutions of higher rank within the city limits. There are over 300 public and private homes, asylums, and places of refuge for the relief of orphans, the sick, the insane, the aged, the erring, and the intemperate. There are over 700 churches, exclusive of those in Brooklyn. New York is the financial center of North America. There are over 400 banks that receive deposits and make loans to customers. There are about fifty savings banks, as many trust companies and 130 building and loan associations. Over $300,000,000 of bonds and securities are owned by these banks. The insurance companies, of which there are thirty-six fire and five life, control a vast aggregate of capital. The annual sales of stocks and bonds at the Stock Exchange is not less than $56,000,000,000, a sum entirely past ordinary understanding. The checks exchanged at the New York Clearing House for a recent year (1907) reached the great total of $87,182,168,381. The total tonnage of seagoing vessels arriving and departing from New York is slightly less than that for London. In 1906 there were about 2,000 landings of trans-atlantic steamers, bringing a total of 1,159,551 passengers. It is claimed that if light coasting trade be counted, New York harbor does more business than any other port in the world. Both the export trade and the import exceeds half a billion a year. There are over nine miles of docks. The facilities for shipping and receiving freight are simply marvelous. On the land side 1,000 passenger trains arrive daily and freight trains almost beyond computation. In addition to its commercial and financial leadership, New York is one of the great manufacturing cities of the world. There are nearly 4,000 establishments paying wages to half a million employes. A thousand more or less distinct lines of manufactures are represented, embracing articles of food, clothing, machinery, tools, chemicals, oils, paints, building materials, soap, matches, starch, jewelry, books, periodicals, lithographs, cordage, liquors, rubber and leather goods, sugar, tobacco, and other articles too numerous for mention. New York was founded originally as a fur-trading station. A fort, a few huts, a trader's store, a wharf, now and then a ship, a few Indians and their canoes, were all 300 years ago. The city now has one rival, London. See New York State; Astor; Broadway; Cooper; Central Park; Ferry; Grant; Hall of Fame; Irving; Manhattan; Obelisk; Trinity Church; Wall Street; Tweed; Tammany; Skyscraper; Real Estate. Miscellaneous Statistics. Population (1905) 4,014,304 Population (1909, est.) 4,451,000 Area, square miles 327 Boroughs 4 Mayoralty vote 450,000 Mayor, salary $15,000 Alderman, salary $2,000 City expenditure (1909) $156,000,000 National banks 50 State banks 23 Savings banks 52 Bank clearings (1908) $77,040,000,000 Dock rentals $3,500,000 Imports, foreign $938,000,000 Exports, foreign $770,000,000 Custom house receipts $199,200,000 Percentage of American commerce 47 Yearly traffic by rail and water $15,000,000,000 Height of tallest building, feet 612 Output of clothing $300,000,000 Policemen 9,918 Firemen 4,107 Parks 68 Hospitals 98 Theaters 69 Churches, over 1,100 Elementary schools 498 Pupils 555,525 High schools 19 Students 26,929 Salaries-- Superintendent $10,000 Associate superintendents $6,500 Elementary teachers $600-1,440 Principals $2,500-3,500 High school principals $5,000 High school instructors $700-3,000 Letter carriers 3,596 Salary $600-1,200 Public Library Statistics-- Volumes and pamphlets 1,621,000 Branches 32 References consulted 941,000 Volumes drawn out 5,490,000

New York a state of the American Union

Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)

a state of the American Union. From its wealth and influence it was early known as the "Empire State." It extends from Lakes Erie and Ontario to the Atlantic, and lies between Pennsylvania and New England . Area, including inland waters , 49,170 square miles. In size New York is the twenty-sixth state of the Union; in population and wealth it is the first. It was the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the federal Constitution. New York has furnished three presidents--Van Buren, Arthur, and Roosevelt. TOPOGRAPHY. The valleys of the Hudson and the Mohawk form the lowest pathway from the Atlantic to the interior, and afford the easiest east and west grades for roads, canals, and railways to be found between Nova Scotia and Georgia. The Adirondacks in the northeastern part of the state form a rough, elevated region of lakes and of mountains, yet covered with pine, hemlock, and fir, a natural game preserve and pleasure resort. Mount Marcy, the highest peak, reaches an altitude of 5,344 feet. The Catskill Mountains in the southeast rise to a general elevation of 3,000 feet. The highest peak is 4,205 feet above sea level. A small watershed is tributary to the Ohio; otherwise the drainage is either into the Atlantic direct by way of the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, etc., or else into the St. Lawrence system. Western New York, the original home of the Six Nations , contains a number of unusually fine lakes, as Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, Chautauqua, Oswego, Genesee and others. This is the region in which Cooper located the scene of his earlier Leatherstocking Tales. In addition to Niagara Falls, in which New York has a joint proprietorship with the Dominion of Canada, there are numerous waterpowers as at Genesee, Rochester, and Cohoes. Over a score of cataracts and rapids may be named having a large volume of water and from 50 to 500 feet of fall. MINERALS. The mineral wealth of the state consists chiefly of salt, gypsum, petroleum, talc, paint clays, Portland cement, gas, and building stone. Iron ore is mined. Coal is wanting. A small amount of gold is found in the Adirondack region. AGRICULTURE. The greater portion of the state is level and fertile. Over eleven-fifteenths of the total area is used for farming purposes. Until of late New York ranked first in the Union in agricultural products. It still holds fourth place in the column of totals, and still claims the first rank in buckwheat, potatoes, milk, butter, and cheese. In order of money value the chief crops are hay, oats, potatoes, corn, buckwheat, and barley. Wheat, once the principal crop, has been resigned in favor of the western prairies. Dairy products alone are valued at about $50,000,000 a year. New York is a great fruit state. Its apples are celebrated for quality the world over. FORESTS. Lumbering is still carried on in the Adirondack region, but on a comparatively small scale. The state has set aside a forest reserve of over a million acres, and is making an attempt to replant it with trees. Hemlock, tanbark, and spruce paper pulp are obtained from this region. A state department of forests, fish, and game is doing much to prevent the further destruction of forests, to protect game in the woods, and to restock the waters with fish. Oyster fisheries on the coast of Long Island, shad in the Hudson, and trout in the Adirondacks are still sources of profit. MANUFACTURING. In manufactures New York is the leading state of the Union. The last census reported 78,658 establishments employing 849,056 persons and paying $408,855,652 in wages annually. The lack of coal is made up by the abundance of waterpower. About sixty per cent of the output, including a large share of the readymade clothing, belongs to New York City and its immediate suburbs. Utica is noted for carpets, shoes, and cotton goods; Rochester for kodaks and optical goods; Troy for collars, shirts, and cuffs; Yonkers for hose and knit underwear; gloves and mittens center at Gloversville and Johnstown; paper in the Adirondack region. It would be difficult to name an American branch of manufacturing not represented. TRANSPORTATION. The state is well supplied with railways. The principal systems are known as the New York Central, the West Shore, the Erie, the Lehigh, and the Lackawanna. A section of the Mohawk and Hudson, extending from Albany to Schenectady, seventeen miles, was built in 1831. It was the first railway in the state. Counting street and elevated railways, the total cost of lines and rolling stock, including lug engines, cars, and other equipment, was placed by the last census at the enormous total of $1,732,960,017.48. HISTORICAL. New York harbor was entered by Verrazano in 1524. Champlain explored Lake George in 1609. In the same year Hudson sailed up the river that bears his name. In 1613-14, the Dutch made their first settlements on Manhattan Island and at Albany. They called the province New Netherlands. Governors Minuit, Van Twiller, Kieft, and Stuyvesant ruled the province until, in 1664, it passed into the control of the English who changed the name to New York. During the French and Indian War New York was the scene of stirring events around Forts Oswego, William Henry, Frontenac, and Niagara. During the War of Independence the utmost efforts of the British were put forth to gain command of the Hudson Valley and cut New England off from the rest of the colonies. From the first, New York grew rapidly in population. There were over 6,000 some say 10,000, white settlers in 1664. Thirty years later there were 30,000. In 1800 there were half a million people in the state. The population in 1900 was returned at 7,268,012. Nearly one-third were foreign born. There were still 5,257 Indians, chiefly on reservations, 7,170 Chinese, and 99,232 negroes. The state census of 1905 returned 8,066,672. Seven cities, New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, Albany, Troy, and Utica, have over 50,000 inhabitants each. Albany is the capital. The state sends thirty-seven representatives to Congress. New York was the twelfth of the thirteen states to adopt a written constitution after the Declaration of Independence. It has been revised repeatedly. Slavery was abolished in 1826. The New York code of law has been followed widely by the Western States. EDUCATION. The educational system of the state is very complete. The common schools are supplemented by nearly 400 public high schools and half as many private academies. There are twelve public normal schools. A system of state aid to secondary schools was long managed and examined by an educational board known as the University of the State of New York. Cornell, at Ithaca, and Columbia, in New York City, are the leading universities. Other institutions in the city are New York University and the College of the City of New York, St. Xavier, and De la Salle. Union College is situated at Schenectady; Hamilton at Clinton; Hobart at Geneva; Colgate at Hamilton; Vassar at Poughkeepsie. There are also collegiate institutions at Buffalo, Syracuse, and Rochester. New York has led the way also in charitable institutions. A state board of charities has jurisdiction over more than 500 institutions, local, private, and state. The oldest American penitentiary is at Sing Sing. The state led in the establishment of reformatories. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 47,620 Population 8,226,990 New York City (1909) 4,450,963 Buffalo 396,535 Rochester 196,793 Syracuse 125,378 Albany 100,730 Troy 77,242 Yonkers 72,200 Schenectady 73,037 Utica 69,458 Binghamton 45,855 Elmira 35,765 Auburn 34,272 Niagara Falls 32,012 Jamestown 28,495 Number counties 61 Members of state senate 51 Representatives 150 Salary of governor $10,000 United States representatives 37 Presidential electors 39 State revenue $51,000,000 Assessed valuation of property $9,228,000,000 Bonded indebtedness $26,230,000 Acres of improved land 15,600,000 Agricultural Products-- Corn, bushels 24,000,000 Wheat, bushels 7,800,000 Oats, bushels 40,000,000 Rye, bushels 2,500,000 Barley, bushels 3,000,000 Tobacco, pounds 7,258,000 Beet sugar, pounds 8,500,000 Butter, pounds 116,000,000 Cheese, pounds 130,000,000 Eggs, dozens 62,000,000 Wool, pounds 5,100,000 Grapes, pounds 2,750,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses 696,000 Mules 4,000 Milk cows 1,789,000 Other cattle 907,000 Sheep 1,131,000 Swine 669,000 Goats 1,316 Fowls 9,000,000 Miles of railway 8,336 Miles of canal 566 Exports $700,000,000 Manufactures, output $2,488,000,000 Clothing $340,000,000 Boots and shoes $34,000,000 Steel and iron $30,000,000 Hosiery and knit goods $46,000,000 Printing and publishing $140,000,000 Shirts, collars, and cuffs $30,000,000 Millinery $33,000,000 Sugar refined $116,000,000 Meat products $73,000,000 Manufacturing establishments 37,194 Capital invested $2,031,000,000 Officials 98,000 Salaries $111,000,000 Operatives 857,000 Wages $4,300,000,000 Raw material $1,348,000,000 Salt, barrels 9,642,000 Petroleum, barrels (refined) 1,176,000 Pig iron, value $33,000,000 Clay products $12,000,000 Quarry products $7,000,000 Teachers in public schools 41,197 Pupils enrolled 1,343,000 Percentage of male teachers 11.5 Average monthly salary of teachers $88.88 Average annual expenditure per pupil $51.50 See Adirondacks; Albany ; Brooklyn ; Burgoyne ; Burr ; Catskills; Central Park ; Clinton ; Cornell; Columbia University ; Cooper ; Collars And Cuffs; Erie Canal ; Fulton ; Genesee; Gloves; Greeley ; Hamilton ; Hudson ; New York City; Niagara ; Palisades; Patroon ; Rochester ; Seward ; Tammany; Van Buren ; Vanderbilt ; West Point ; Buffalo

What Has Changed in the Last Century

Collier's in 1921 recorded 10,385,227 New Yorkers and could take for granted that this was the most populous state in the Union. It held that rank until California passed it in the early 1960s, and Texas and Florida followed, leaving New York fourth with 20,201,249 people at the 2020 census; New York City itself grew from about 5.6 million in 1920 to roughly 8.8 million, while the farm country and small manufacturing towns upstate lost ground. The framework of the entry survives intact: still 62 counties, still Albany as capital, still Mount Marcy at 5,344 feet by modern survey as the high point. The Adirondack "forest remaining as a public domain" that Collier's noted is now the six-million-acre Adirondack Park, the largest protected area in the lower 48, while the canal system that made the Mohawk and Hudson corridor a commercial artery carries pleasure boats rather than freight.

Written for this edition, 2026.