Spears
RAYMOND SMILEY, an American author, born at Bellevue, Ohio, in 1876. He was educated in public schools and became a reporter on the New York "Sun." He contributed many short stories and articles on travel to magazines, securing his material by extensive tours on foot, in boats, automobiles, etc. He was a member of the editorial staff of the "Adventure Magazine" and published "Camping on the Great River" (1912); "Camping on the Great Lakes" (1913); "The Cabin Boat Primer" (1913), etc.
JOHN RANDOLPH, an American author; born in Ohio in 1850. He published "The Gold Diggings of Cape Horn"; "The Port of Missing Ships, and Other Stories"; "The His- "; "Our Navy in "; tory of Our Navy the War With Spain"; "History of the American Slave Trade"; "History of New England Whalers" (1908); "History of the American Navy" (1909); "Story of the American Merchant Marine" (1909); "Master Mariner" (1911). Cyc-Vol. IX 13 SPEARS, RAYMOND SMILEY
JOHN RANDOLPH with fish and other bones, and their fighting spears have sometimes poisoned tips.
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Specie
metallic money. See Coin
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Specific Gravities
The following table shows the specific gravities of numerous metals employed in the arts, together with their melting points, malleability, ductility, and tenacity.
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Specific Gravity
in physics, the ratio between the density of a standard substance and the density of the substance in question. The distinction between specific gravity and density is real, but not important. For table, see DENSITY.
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Specific-gravity Balance
An instrument for finding the specific gravity of substances. The hydrometer or areometer is used for finding the specific gravity of fluids. Many kinds of these instruments are employed for this purpose, but they are all dependent on the principle that the weights required to immerse a light bulb of glass in different fluids are in proportion to the density of such fluids. See SPECIFIC GRAVITY; HYDROSTATIC BALANCE.
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Speck Von Sternburg
HER- MANN, BARON, a German diplomat, born at Leeds, England, in 1852. He studied military and naval science and international law, and served in the German army in the Franco-Prussian War. He was from 1885 to 1890 military attaché at Washington. In 1891 he became Secretary to the etary to the Legation in China. In the year following he served at Buenos Aires and at Belgrade, Serbia. He was appointed First Secretary to the German Embassy at Washington in 1898, and this was followed in 1900 by his appointment as Consul General for British India and Ceylon. He became German Ambassador to the United States in 1903. Largely through his efforts tariff arrangements were perfected between Germany and the United States, in 1906-7. He died in 1908.
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Spectator, The
The, the name of two entirely different London papers. The first was a small society sheet founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele. It was issued daily from March 1, 1711, to December 8, 1712, and, after suspension, from June 18 to December 30, 1714. It reached 635 numbers. The present London Spectator is an influential weekly, ranking with the Saturday Review and the Atheneum. It was founded July 5, 1828. During our Civil War the Spectator took up the cause of the North. The triumph of the national cause gave the Spectator prestige at home and abroad. See Steele ; Addison
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Spectrum
. See Color
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Spectrum Analysis
in physics and chemistry, the determination of the chemical composition, the physical condition, or both, of any body by the spectrum of the light which it emits or suffers to pass through it, under certain conditions. (See SPECTROSCOPE.)
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Spedding
JAMES, an English historian, born near Bassenthwaite, Cumberland, England, June, 1808. The labors of his whole life were concerned with the works of Lord Bacon; and his first work, "Evenings with a Reviewer" (2 vols., privately printed in 1848, published 1881), was an elaborate review of Macaulay's essay on the great philosopher. He published "The Works of Francis Bacon" (7 vols. 1857-1859); "Life and Letters of Francis Bacon" (7 vols. 1870-1876); "Life and Times of Francis Bacon" (2 vols. 1878); and a volume of miscellaneous "Reviews and Discussions" (1869). He died in London, March 9, 1881.
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Speech
spoken language; uttered sounds intended to convey meaning, and produced by the organs of voice, namely, the larynx, and the mouth and its parts, including the tongue and teeth. In speech two great classes of sounds are produced, these being usually known as vowels and consonants. Vowels are pronounced by sounds coming primarily from the larynx and passing with comparative freedom through the mouth cavity, though modified in certain ways; while consonants are formed by sounds caused by the greater or less interruption of the current of air from the larynx in the mouth. Vowels can be uttered alone and independently of consonants, and their sounds can be prolonged at will; consonants have no importance in speech as apart from vowels, and are named consonants from being used along with vowels. Both vowel and consonant sounds are very numerous if we investigate the different languages of the world, but any one language only has a fraction of those that may be used. A single sound may convey an idea of itself and thus form a word, or several may be combined to form word, and if the word a is uttered by several distinct successive changes in position of the vocal organs it is a word of so many syllables. Words, again, are combined to form sentences or complete statements, and the aggregate of words used by any people or community in mutual intercourse forms its language. See PHILOLOGY; VOICE: VOWEL.
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Speed
JAMES, an American lawyer; born in Jefferson co., Ky., March 11, 1812; was graduated at St. Joseph's College in that State; commenced the practice of law in Louisville, and in 1847 was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and in 1861 to the Senate. The outbreak of the Civil War found Judge Speed an uncompromising Union man, and he took charge of the recruiting stations in Kentucky. He was a brother of JOSHUA F. SPEED, the friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was probably through this acquaintance with his brother that Lincoln came to select Speed for a place in his cabinet, though he had previously gained distinction as a lawyer and professor in the Law School of Transylvania University at Lexington. Speed was appointed Attorney-General in November, 1864, and was retained in the office by President Johnson after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln till July, 1866, when he resigned. He died June 25, 1887.
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