Advocate
(1) Originally one whose aid was called in or invoked; one who helped in any business matter; (2) In law, at first, one who gave his his legal aid in a case, without, however, pleading, this being the function of the patronus; (3) The advocatus fisci, who attended to the interests of the fiscus, or the emperor's privy purse.
In the old German empire, a person appointed by the emperor to do justice.
In the Mediæval Church, one appointed to defend the rights and revenues of a church or monastery. The word advocate, in the sense of a defender of the Church, was ultimately superseded by that of patron, but it still lingers in the term advowson.
In English law, originally one who pleaded a cause in a civil, but not in a criminal, court.
Now, in English and American law, one who pleads a cause in any court, civil or criminal. It is not, properly speaking, a technical word, but is used only in a popular sense, as synonymous with barrister or counsel. In the army the judge-advocate is the officer through whom prosecutions before courts-martial are conducted. There is also a judge-advocate-general for the army at large.
In Scotch law an advocate is a member of the faculty of advocates, or Scottish bar.
ÆDILE, in ancient Rome magistrates who had charge of public and private buildings, of aqueducts, roads, sewers, weights, measures, the national worship, and, specially, when there were no censors, public morality. There were two leading divisions of ædiles-cereales and curule. Their insignia of office were like those of the old kings-the toga prætexta (a purple robe), and the sella curulis, or curule chair, ornamented with ivory.
ADUI (id'wē or ed-ū'ē), one of the most powerful tribes in Gaul at the time of Cæsar's arrival (58 B. C.). They formed an alliance with Cæsar, who freed them from the yoke of Ariovistus, but they joined the rest of the Gauls under Vercingetorix in the great and final struggle for independence. After his victory, Cæsar treated them leniently for the sake of their old alliance. Their principal town was Bibracte. lation acquired an enormous revenue through increased advertising. In many - ÆGEAN ISLANDS. See ARCHIPELAGO, ÆGEAN SEA ÆGEAN SEA (ē-jē'an or ī'ga-an), the old name of the gulf between Asia Minor and Greece, now usually called the Grecian Archipelago. ÆGEUS (ig'ös or ēj'us), a king of Athens, son of Pandion, and father of Theseus. When the latter sailed to Crete to deliver Athens from the intolerable burden of the tribute due to the Minotaur, he promised his father to hoist white sails on his return as a signal of safety. But the hero forgot his promise in the joy of triumph; and his father, who was anxiously watching for the sign of victory, seeing only the black sails of his son's ship as it approached the coast of Attica, believed that he had perished, from him was named the Ægean.
ÆGINA (ē-ji'na), a Greek island about 40 square miles in area, in the Gulf of It is mountainous, with deep valleys and Ægina chasms. The modern town of Ægina stands on the site of the ancient town, at the N. W. end of the island. The island contains about 8,000 inhabitants. The most ancient name of the island was land contains about 8,000 inhabitants.
The most ancient name of the island was fore the Persian war it was a prosperous state; during this period it was also the chief seat of Greek art. Its sailors covered themselves with glory at Salamis.
Æginetan Sculptures. - Ægina holds an important position in the history of Greek art. On an eminence in the eastern part of the island stand the ruins an important position in the history of ÆNEAS he became Ambassador to Russia and served in this capacity until 1906, when rian Empire. It was largely through his influence that the Turkish provinces of he was appointed Premier and Minister rian Empire. It was largely through his influence that the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed to the Austrian Empire. At first he worked in close co-operation with the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne.
This association continued until 1910, when Aehrenthal withdrew from the agthe peace party. The two men quarthe peace party. The two men quarresignation which, however, was not acresignation which, however, was not achowever, his health had suffered and he cepted by the Emperor, who fully suphowever, his health had suffered and he died in 1912.
ÆLFRIC, an Anglo-Saxon abbot, surnamed GRAMMATICUS; born about 955. He wrote in vigorous Old English, comiled a Latin grammar and glossary, and translated most of the historical books of ulation of the clergy. He died about 1020. the Old Testament and canons for the regpiled ÆNEAS (en-ē'as), a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus.
The care of his infancy was intrusted to a nymph; but at the age of 5 he was re- When Troy was in called to Troy. He married Creusa, Priam's daughter, by whom he had a son, called Ascanius. called Ascanius. When Troy was in ders his father Anchises and the statues of his household gods, leading by his hand his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. According to Verthese ruins a series of statues were ex-gil and other Latin authors, he was sailern part of the island stand the ruins remarkable ornaments of the Glyptothek at Munich. One group represents a combat of Greeks and Trojans for the body of Achilles. The figures are true to nature, with the structure of bones, musat Munich. One group represents a com- bat of Greeks and Trojans for the body but there is no individuality, all the faces having that uniform forced smile which is characteristic of all sculpture before the time of Phidias. Probably they date from not more than fifty years before Phidias. is characteristic of all sculpture before Zeus, which had been fashioned by Hephæstus (Vulcan). Phidias.
ALOIS LEXA, COUNT VON, a statesman of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, born in 1854.
He was educated at Bonn and Prague Universities, entered the diplomatic service in 1877, and was rapidly advanced COUNT VON, a statesman of the former ter to Rumania. In the following year ing from Sicily to Italy when he landed in Epirus, and was driven on the coasts of Africa and received by Dido, Queen of he gave one of the garments of the beau- Carthage, to whom, on his first interview, he gave one of the garments of the beauhim, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by order of the gods. In his him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by order of the gods. In his Sibyl conducted him to hell, that he might hear from his father the fate After a voyage of seven years, and the which awaited him and all his posterity. loss of 13 ships, he arrived in the Tiber. ceived him with hospitality, and prom- After a voyage of seven years, and the ised him his daughter Lavinia, who had been before betrothed to King Turnus by her mother Amata. To prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against been before betrothed to King Turnus Lavinia and succeeded his father-in-law.
His reign was but of short duration, various accounts being given of the cause of his death.
ÆNEID ÆNEID, one of the great epic poems of the world. It was written in Latin by Vergil, and published after his death, which took place about 16 B. C. Its hero is Æneas, one of the Trojan chiefs, whose adventures during and after the siege of Troy it recounts, till the time when he succeeded in fully establishing himself in Italy.
ÆOLIAN or ÆOLIC, one of the three great dialects of the Greek language, the others being the Doric and the Ionic. The expression, Attic dialect, often occurs, but this should be regarded as the normal type of Greek rather than as a divergent dialect of that tongue.
ÆOLIAN HARP, a harp played by Æolus in other words, by the wind.
It is made by stretching strings of catgut over a wooden sound-box. If exposed to the action of the wind, a succession of pleasing sounds proceeds from it, plaintive when the breeze is slight, but bolder as it increases in force.
ÆOLIANS, the name of one of those peoples classed under the general appellation of Greeks. We trace the name of Æolians to Thessaly, their primitive abode, as far as we know, where they appear to have been closely closely related to the Phthiotic Achæans of the same country. The Æolian colonies on the Asiatic main land were widely spread, extending at least from Cyzicus, along the shores of the Hellespont and the Ægean, to the river Caicus, and even the Hermus.
There were 12 cities or states included in the older settlements in that tract of Asia Minor on the Ægean, which was known in Greek geography by the name of Æolis, and formed a part of the subsequent larger division of Mysia. Smyrna, one of them, which early fell into the hands of the Ionians, the neighbors of the Æolians, still exists nearly on the old spot, with exactly the same name.
EOLUS (e'ō-lus), the god of the winds, who was fabled by the early poets to have his seat in the floating island of Æolia; but the Latin and later Greek poets placed him in the Lipari Isles.
Here the winds were pent up in vast caves, it being the duty of Æolus to let them loose and to restrain their violence, at the pleasure of Jupiter.
EON, a period of time, a lifetime, a generation; a long space of time, eternity; a space of time clearly marked out; a period, an age, a dispensation.
In modern science and literature, a period of immense duration, specially AERONAUTICS one of those which geology makes known, as the Silurian and Devonian æons.
AERIAL LAW. See AERONAUTICS.