Afghanistan
an inland country of Asia, bounded on the W. by Persia, on the S. by British Baluchistan, on the E. by territory under British influence (determined 1893-1895), and on the N. by Russian Central Asia. Its area is about 250,000 square miles, or about twice the size of Great Britain and Ireland. The country, called Urlayat by its inhabitants, consists of elevated table-lands, diversified by mountains, and there is a great variety of climate. At Ghazni the winter is extremely rigorous; the climate of Seistan, in the S. W., is hot and trying; while, in other parts, it is temperate. The country may be divided into the five provinces of Kabul (Cabul), Herat, Ghazni, Seistan, and Kandahar.
To the N. lie the still disputed regions of Turkestan and Badachshan, with their dependencies. Each province is ruled by AFGHANISTAN kazis (magistrates), assisted by muftis, administer justice after a feudal fashion.
The monarch of the whole country is styled the Ameer.
The population of Afghanistan is composed of a variety of nationalities, and is estimated at about 6,380,000. The Afghans proper, or Pathans, number about 3,000,000, and are divided into tribes, or clans-Duránis, Ghilzánis, Yúsufzáis, and others. In religion, they are Sunni-Mohammedans. In character, they are proud, vain, cruel, perfidious, extremely avaricious, revengeful, selfish, merciless, and idle. "Nothing is finer than their physique or worse than their morale." The Afghans do not, as a rule, inhabit towns, except in the case of those attached to the court and heads of tribes.
The townsmen are mostly Hindkis and other non-Afghan races, who practice various trades and handicrafts considered derogatory by men of rank. The principal towns are Kabul (pop. about 150,- 000), the seat of government, and center of a fertile district; Ghazni, a strong fortress; Kandahar, the chief city of southern Afghanistan, with about 30,000 inhabitants; and Herat, formerly considered the key of India. Among the natural productions of Afghanistan is the plant yielding the asafœtida. The castor oil plant is everywhere common, and good tobacco is grown in the district of Kandahar. The cultivated area round Herat produces magnificent crops of wheat, barley, cotton, grapes, melons, and the mulberry tree. In special localities are forests of pistachio. The industrial products are silk, chiefly for domestic use, and carpets, those of Herat being of admirable quality. The manufacture of postins, or sheepskins, is one of the most important occupations.
History. The history of Afghanistan, as an independent state, only dates from the middle of the 18th century. For two centuries before, Herat and Kandahar had been in the possession of Persia; while Kabul was included in the mogul empire of Delhi. Upon the death of Nadir Shah, in 1747, Ahmed Shah Duráni subjugated the different provinces, and, when he died in 1773, left an empire to his son, Timur Shah. The chief events in the history of Afghanistan are the expedition, in 1839, which established Shah Soojah on the throne; the rebellion of 1841, in which the Residents, Burnes and Macnaghten, were killed and the Anglo-Indian troops perished in the retreat; the punitive expedition, in 1842; the defeat of Dost Mohammed, in 1849; the war with Shere Ali, in 1878-1879, and installment of Yakub Khan; the rising 30° Longitude A West 20° Bida Bon PUNIS PANTELLARIM ALGIERS Bougie D BU TUNI Mostaganem Constantine from B Greenwich 10 Str.of Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar Tangier Ceuta Rabat Casablanca Mazagano Safi MADEIRA, MADEIRA Funchal ISLANDS (Port) Mogador Agadir-n-Ighir CANARY LANZAROTE Ifni Longitude GOMEHAD ♡ FERRO min Helena Springbol GRAN CANARIA ISLANDS (Spanish) Cojador RIO Kedda 2 TROPIC OF CANCER East C. Barbas ORO Aberdeen Dumus Port Elizabeth 7 C.Blanco Ikhref C.Mirik Marsab AGAN Grona Seminur De G DRAP Wadano El Chingueti East London GOOD HOPE S Tiscuat FEZ Mekinez emcen Kairwan AGE-ROLAB Shott el fra Geryville Biskra Shott cl Matrir SS Geraghuat MOROCCO Meherpu MOROCCO A Abuam A Agadir uf El Harib Mayara El Guedea GIDI DES R Marabuti El Eglab AFRICA Gardaia Slott Ver Turgurt Wargla TERRITORIES OF El Golea THE Ft. MacMahon Timimun Tamentit SOUTH Inifel TADEMAIT Insalal TUAT BECHUANALAND Djedid PROTECTORATE Timaseinin U E Longitude 20° East F from 30° Greenwich G usa Mokain MALTA (Br.) KERKENA IS.
ASCENSION OCEAN (Br.) CRETE MEDITERRANEAN DJERBA I.
TRIPOLI Lebda Nalut Mizratah Ghurian Misda TRIPOLΙΤΑΝΙΑ Bondjem Long OCEAN hat ANTIC Gulf of Sidra 9 Derna Tokra Benghazi CYRENAΙCΑ Bir Bissam Sella o Soking Sebha o Fugha I B Ghodua AN Ederi Lo FEZZ Murzuk Grand Bassa MONROVIA Robertsport Tedjeri M TABILY Aingid HOGAR Ideles L.Ngami lesseles Tadent Ahalassa Katelet A Azawa D Djebado Taghazi Tintelloust Kaouaro Agram Timmo ipny Taiserbo CYPRUS Beirut SEA 이 A Homs Damascus Port Said Jerusalem Damietta Alexandria Rosette Tanta Garah CAIRO Djarabubo Siwah Medinetel-Fajum Baharijeh Minjeh Farafrah B Ruseima • Wauzel-Keb OASIS OF RUFRA S コ Erbehna Bir Bischra DL E 0 Kebabo S Siut Suez Suez Arabar Canal A t.Sinai Dead Sea Maan El Akaba ய EGYPT Koseir ΛΝΕl Kasr El Chargeh ER RT adyanga Zaghawa BORKU dadi Esne THEBES Keneh Deser Assuan 1st Cataract Korosko T Wady Halfa 2nd Cataract Selimeh El Agia 3rd Cataract Hannek E 40° H 50° MESSOPΟΤΑΜΙΑ Euphrates ho SYRIAN DESERT Shaka TROPIC OF CANCER J AFRICA
SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 0 200 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 400 600 800 1000 30
Djemeima
Important towns are shown in heavy face type NEFUD DESERT Teima Barbas Medina Janba el Bahr Nubian Desert Mt. Erba A NUB- 4th Dongola Cataract Handak Abu-Hamed Sinkato Merowe 5th Cataract Old Dongola Ambukol Berber Adarama Hailo Railways Submarine Cables Bereideho Bereideh Jiddah Port Sudan Suakin Tabala ASEER 人 Canals BAHREIN 1. (Br.) Riad El Hofu TROPIC B 2 CANCER OF DESERT OF ROBAVEL KHALY (Great Arabian Des.) A 20 3 10 S.VICENTE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS (Porto) S.THIAGO 4 ATLANTIC 5 6 10 20 ASCENSION I. (Br.) OCEAN A 20° 6° Same scale as main map Harich Tiagane TAGANET Tobaiti Salde Quarkhor Bakel ENT ST. LOUIS Betete Rufisq C:Verde Dakar BATHURST Budi Carabane GAMB EL HODH Taudeni ORANGE PRETORIA Bir Arawano Walata Timbuktu Abig Mabruk Dergel Bamba FRENCH WE Nioro Bassikunu Sarafere SENEGAL UPPER Sokol Medine 40° Geba PORT.GUINEA Kade BISSAC BISSAGOS IS.
T ATLANTIC ST. HELENA I. -8- (Br.)-16- 16 OCEAN Long. 14°West Long. 6° West ATLAN TIC 30 A Kunene N Mandate of Etosha esfontein Pan Victoria Boffa KONAKRY Dubreka Badon Bafulabe Sansar Badoum Kita Segu-Sikoro Bamako Sikasso Sigouri GUINEA Bougouni Kouroussn Tengr Farana Odienne Beyla FRENCH Timb alabal SIERRA L ام A Timiaouine In Auker ADERAR Kelijit Akar In Gessam Agades o AFRICA AND Bandiagura Sindera Dori Jenne o Wahiguya UWage Magadugi Koutiala Boba loulasso Kong Bouna N A Sierra Leone LEONE SHERBRO 1.
SOUTHWEST AFRICA Olukonda Mpaschi Union of South Africa Bopuru Robertsport MONROVIA Grand Bassa I Libebe Otawio Grootfontein Fransfontein Outjo Otjosondjupa DAMARA BECHUANALAND
Oliimbingue Okahandja fonteino KAL Swakopmund WALFISCH BAY (Gr. Br.) Sheppmansdori 10° A LAND Nuanto gluin ABERI Sinu Nanna Kru VORYD Kuadiokoft Toumodi OAS Boromo GOLD Say Fadan Gourma Sansane Mang Xendi Salaga O Volta Kete Boudoukou Kraty TRASHANTICO uhassi Misalbone Sekondi H Filingui Nikki Tiggart Bedouaram o Tadalaka DAMERGHU NIGER Sabankafi koto Wurno ndo ५० Gomba Arenburgo Bussa 。 mo Ngiugmi E TIBE STI
Yat Mt. Tousile Bardai Tao Bilma Dibbela Agadem Kichi Kichi BODELE Birfo Bir Alall Fahal KANEM Bahr Tehad Katsina O Kano, Gummel---- Bírni Kuka ST. Benin Gujba Gombe Yakoba Muri Yoja Zaria EQUATOR e Ghasal WADAI Abeshr Ain Medob A Kaja Foga
Kabkabiyeh Kobeh El Fasher D N Lamy TCHAD Ngouri BAGIRMII Marua RIC TERR Korbol NIGERIA Garun Bida Keffi Niger gga o Sette Cama Lafia Loko 。 Lokoja Binue Wukari R
Nssakpeo To Gr.Brit Benin Asaba Gula Bight of Gr.Lahu San Pedro Sassandra Assini Gr.Bassamy BINGERVILLE Axim
C. Three Points Cape Const Castle AKKRA Add Gr. Popo Kotonga PORTO NOVO LAGOS Lekka Mahino Harper C.Palmas 10° NORTH WEST RHODESIA R. MASHONA MU KALOMO Kazungula LAND Mazoe SALISBURY Linjanti Victoria Zambezi Falls Wankie SOUTHERN Hartleyo Umtali Gwelo Enkeldoorn MATABELE LAND Buluwayo Victoria Melseter RHODESIA L. Ngami Ghanse KALAHARI BECHUANALANDO WEST TROPIC OF CAPRICORN Shoshongo Nauchas WINDHOEK Falls Hoachanas Gibeon FRICA LAND Berseba Bethany Luderitz Bay Pequena 0 NAMA DESERT Matsa Tall Palapye Tuli Limpop Zoutpans Pietersburg Nylstroom PROTECTORATE TRANSVAAL Mokopon R.
PRETORIA B ☑a Barberton Mafeking Potchefstroom J Molopo Molopololi Johannesburg 0 AFRICA QUE ena ilimane Chinde.
Zambezi R.
Seira Sofala Save R.
Benin -20 GASALD.BAZARUTO 1.
CS.Sebastiao PORT Masihi Inhambane C. Corrientes Chaichai 0 LOURENÇO MARQUEZ Delagoa Bay Kabambare Angra Kubub Keetmanshoop Vryburg Klerksdorp Kroonstad Wakkerstrooin TONGA LD. Kurumano R Warmbad Upington Kimberle Taal ORANGE 0 Orange Port Nollothaman CEAN NAMA & R O ZULU FREE STATES Ladysmith LA St Lucia L. * Ookiep Springbok Yo LAND Genisdal dresimi PIETERMARITZBURG Wewcastle Harris E S Ladybrand Wepener Bethulie LAND Durban Colesbung Port Shepstone CAPE OF GOOD HOPE Port Grosvenor Middleburg Port St.John O Cradock (CAPE COLONY) Somerset King Williams Town Carnarvon Olifants R. Calvinia Beaufort Clanwilliam St. Helena Bay Chinde CAPE TOWN Cape of Good Hope SED Longitude West Worcester C-Agulhas 20° De Aar Aberdeen East London Uitenhage Grahamstown eorge Port Elizabeth Mossel Bay B East NDIAN 30 Abo Bonn Akassa Calabar (ds) Rio Banyo Lame Baria Terkama ORY Bida Zungeru AR Ft Grampe bele 0 A KORDOFAN EGYPT Dara El Towaisha.
Kalaka Shekka D Bahrel Arab Hofrat-en Nehas Katuaka Demalberg Baran-Bakin Kunde AMERUN Garap UBANGI SHARI Mandate of eru Mis France DUALA lea WEERNANDO PO Gr.Batanga Bight of Biafra SPANISH Bato PRINCIPE 1.9 (Port) LIBREVILLE ST. THOMAS I. (Port) EQUATOR 0 II (Sp.) 10- Gubun R. Njole Nazareth B.
C.Lopez Gaza Ft.de Possels Carnot Bania Bangui France Ebolwea Lomie) Malede Booue OVG_AJB\U_N Lambarene Lastoursville Ngoko Wesso Likonda Okana Mokapo Sette Cama A Nyanga Mayumba Bong Leketi Nielle ERRITORY angasso Yakoma Ma Ibémbo ongo Mobaye Mokapo benge Upoto Mobeka Kongo Anvers Lulanga Djema AFRICA BAHR Tur Ghattas GHA Tambura Ngiugmi Djabbir Doruma Vere aR Moganzulu Yambuya R.
Basoko Aruor m Nyangara Atbara FARSAN IS.
Elag 6th Cataract Omdurman Shendi Marabuti Gos. Rejeb Cherek R H assala Hodaida G L 0 -El Fasheri W.Medani Gedarefo Tomat R. Adowah Sennar Gallabato Gendar Sokota Assa Kadero Renk L. Tana Rosaires Samara Schongul Fashodal A El Obeid HA Tira Mandi N Sobat Nile hite Nasser EN m Sana!
El Ahkaf Desert Terim Kosair SHADRAMAT cha Aden Mokalla Haura Ras 3 artak SOKOTRA FRENCH Obolande.OF ADEN SOMALL Bab-el-Mandeg Magdala AsTeilah PADIS ABEBA Ankober ABYSS Saka Baro Bonga GU Las Khorai Guardaful Rat Banda Ras Hafun Bulhar BERBERA Rat SOMALILAND SOUTH NIA Milmil Sheikh OGADES Hussein Goba Margherita Mt. Arenda Warandab Gerlogubi Bari Im Webbe Tura Bohodle Faamungi LTOALIAN SOMALアル Bandar Bela Itala A Warscheikh Magadoxo Brava E EQUATOR Golwen E Longitude 20° Sella Port Durnford Ghaba Shambeh Agram Bor PFt. Berkeley UGANDA Nimule Wadelai Wankerekhovenville. P L. Alber Isangi d Coquilhatville Stanley Falls Stanley ville 18,000 Equatorville Ponthierville?
Irebu Lukolela Yolongo Franceville BELG Bolbbo Berghe St. Marie Brazzaville Makabana Bas Kouilou Loango (Port) KABINDA Kabinda L. Leopold II Lukenie Mbele wathonth Mostanley Podl macopo dville Auilu Tumba Popokabaka fatadi P Edward Foweira Kaffa Burdjio Stefanic Lake Rudolf Dukana Lugh El Uako Bard BOTECTORATE ΚΕΝΥΛ 9 Mt. Elgon Mt.Jambeni L Witu Makindu Lamu Sabaki RoMalindi Kakunguru Avakubi Mt.Ruwenzor Entebbe Mengo L. Albert Kituturi Port Florence Naivashi Mt.Kenya Kirandu Vichumbe 18,000 Lake Lirunga Vol Bukoba Victoria I ANL -Yabinga Bena Lyleandu Lubirizi Kamba Shabunda Uvira Usumbura Mariahilf Lukunda Baraka Buassa Ngangwe Kasongo TA Lake Kabambare Ujiji Luluabu Mutombo Buli Albertville Kabinda G Tanganyika Ankoro, Baudouin Karema ville Kikondia Gula Moliro R.
Sankuru Ikongo Lusambo Kalaka Banana BOMA San Salvador KMuata Q Doruma Ambriz LOANDA Novo Redondo Berkeley Benguela Cuiob Bembe Encoje Pania Kumpant Me Munene Kassongo Nevinu Bunza Kusama Hussumba BAHR Malange Dondoo OANDA Cambamb Bailunda Kabango d Kasshnje Kimbundu Nyakatoro Mosiko Kakenje ANGO]»«А Bilie Kangambe akonda Princeza Amelia BENGUELA Katongo-Tongo Ingulu Pueto @ba/DL. Moero B A Muansa Mt. Kilimanjaro TANGANYΙΚΑ T RoKilimatinde Kokoma Kilwa Kalungwisi A&TA GA Bunkeya Lukafa Kasama Ft. Roseberry TER Katangao L. Hangweblo Kampolombo Muyanga Mapira Humpata (PORTUGUESE WEST AFRICA) Kalomo BAROTSE Sitanda Hossamedes Porto Alexandre Sewisha Moi Molomo Huilla Kassinga Shibemba Dukana Humbe Kunene R. from 30° Same scale as main map Greenwich 40° C.Frio 10° Zesfonteino R paschi Olukonda SOUTHWEST AFRICA E Quando Rundimina NORTHWEST Lialui RIHODESIA LAND Gonye Falis Chepepo Isambwas Wilhelmstal Korogwe Bagamoyo Mrogoro Mpapuad TERRITORY Bismarckburg Iringa Wanga REMBA.I.
Pangani ZANZIBAR DAR ES SALAAM MAFIA L El Liwale L. Rukwa Mahenge o New Langenburg, Langenburg edhaven Ssongea Rovuma Cataract Lake Kabinga Bandawe itambo Serenje NORTHEAST AND N'Kala Kajue R.
KALOMO Sokota Victoria Falls 0 Korosko Kotakota Nyassa Maguire FT.JAMISON Livingstonia umbo Moonda THEBES QUE RT. EAST AFRICA) ZOMBA Blantyre Tete Mt. Manje gambee切 MASHONA SOUTHERN Mazoe Muhgari Mecca LAND SALISBURO RHODESIA Wankie Hartley Umtali BECHUANALAND Wankie Namurola Kilwa indi Makindi A N Obbia Elhur Baad Ulgaras 4 50° COMORO GLORIOSO IS.
IS. (Fr.) NOSSI BE 1L Heliville 50° C.Amber Suarez Remar Ana Mojanga a C.St.Andre IQUE CHANNE CYPRUS AN MARIE I 10 Maintarano Ankazob ajozorob amative ndevorante Beirut Maroku Betafo C. Delgado Tbo D N Morondav Labanoro a Belo ananjara B Akaba Dead Memba B.
C.St.
Homs Vincent Ivabibe Manomby Damascus Mozambique NEFUD Shaka DESERT Farafangana Hadav SYRIAN N anantenina Fort Moginquale PRIMEIRA IS Quilimane Chinde 40° H Androka C.St.Mary Dauphin Same scale as main map 50° N Copyright. L. L. Poates Eng. Co, 1921 AFRICA at Kabul and murder of Cavagnari, the which separates it from Europe; on the English Resident; the punitive expedition under Roberts; the establishment, by British assistance, of Abd-ur-Rahman as Ameer, and the constantly recurring alarms as to encroachments on the part of Russia. The yearly pension granted the Ameer by the Indian Government was raised to 18 lacs of rupees. Moreover, the Indian Government yielded all its claims on Kafaristan. The result of this was that, in 1895, the Ameer's troops thoroughly devastated the land of these brave mountaineers. Abd-ur-Rahman, by means of his shrewd policy and decisive measures, succeeded in suppressing all insurrections and strengthening his power. In regard to the insurrection that broke out between the tribes of the Afridi and the Orakzai, on the Indian-Afghanistan frontier, he remained neutral.
Abd-ur-Rahman died Oct. 1, 1901, and was succeeded by Habib-Ullah Khan.
The treaty with Great Britain was renewed, and by a compact drawn up in 1907 the latter country acknowledged Afghanistan's independence. In 1910 it was agreed that all disputes between Afghanistan and the Indian Government should be left to a joint commission.
Relations were not cordial, however, and in 1919, after Habib-Ullah had been assassinated while sleeping in his tent, war broke out between the Afghans and the British. It was, however, of short duration, although some of the fighting was severe, and resulted in a triumph for the British arms. A treaty of peace was signed Aug. 8, 1919, one of the provisions of which was that Afghanistan should have entire freedom in its foreign relations. This was taken advantage of shortly afterward by the Afghans, who sent an embassy to the Soviet Russian Government at Moscow, where it was received with great consideration and met with an offer of alliance. Despite the peace treaty with the British, two Afghan tribes, the Waziris and Mahsuds, continued outpost actions on the frontier and at the beginning of 1920 had not been entirely subdued. The present Ameer is Amanullah Khan, the third son of Habib-Ullah Khan, whom he succeeded in 1919.