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Aitken (ROBERT INGERSOLL an professor)

ROBERT INGERSOLL, an professor of sculpture at American sculptor; born in San Francisco and was pro public schools, studied art at the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art in San Francisco and was professor of scupture at this institution from 1901 to 1904. He showed remarkable talent in the making of portrait busts. Among those which chinery, bells, glass buttons, chemicals and cigars. The city is rich in historiand for needle and pin making. There are also immense manufactures of ma-

THE CATHEDRAL AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE and Charlemagne founded its world-wide ical obscurity about the time of Pepin; celebrity. Whether it was his birthplace is doubtful, but in 814 it became his and Charlemagne founded its world-wide rial palace, as well as the chapel in which is doubtful, but in 814 it became his The present town-house was built in 1353 AIX-LES-BAINS on the ruins of the palace. The ancient cathedral is in the form of an octagon, which, with various additions round it, forms on the outside a sixteen-sided figure. In the middle of the octagon, a stone, with the inscription "Carolo Magno," marks the site of the grave of Charlemagne. In 1215 Frederick II. caused the remains of the emperor to be inclosed in a costly shrine. The columns brought by Charlemagne from the palace of the Exarch at Ravenna, to decorate the interior of the octagon, had been carried off by the French; but most of them were restored at the Peace of Paris, and replaced in 1846. The town-house contains the coronation hall in which 35 German emperors and 11 empresses have celebrated their coronation banquet. The emperors were crowned in Aix-la-Chapelle from Louis the Pious to Ferdinand I. (813-1531). Seventeen imperial diets and 11 provincial councils were held within its walls. The name of the place is derived from the springs, for which it has been always famous. They are efficacious in cases of gout, rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, etc. In 1793, and again in 1794, 4, Aix-la-Chapelle was occиpied by the French. By the treaties concluded at Campo Formio and Lunéville, it was formally ceded to France, until in 1915 it fell to Prussia. The town has been the meeting place for many important reace congresses. The first Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) ended the war carried on between France and Spain for the possession of the Spanish Netherlands. The second Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) concluded the war respecting the succession of Maria Theresa to the empire.

Its The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle was held in 1818, for regulating the affairs of Europe after the war. It began on Sept. 30, and ended on Nov. 21. principal object was the withdrawal from France of the army of occupation, 150,000 strong, as well as the receiving of France again into the alliance of the great powers. The Emperors of Russia and Austria and the King of Prussia were present in person. The five great powers assembled signed a protocol announcing a policy known as that of the "Holy Alliance." During the World War the city played an important part as a German depot, due to its nearness to the western front. As a result of the armistice Belgian troops occupied the city in December, 1919.

AIX-LES-BAINS (ax'lā-ban'), a town of France, in Haute Savoie, on the E. side of Lake Bourget, 8 miles N. by E. of Chambéry, celebrated for its sulphur- AJAX etted hot springs. They were in vogue among the Romans, and are still extensively used. Pop. about 5,000. AJACCIO (ä-yätch'yō), the chief town of the island of Corsica, which forms a department of France. It is the handsomest city of Corsica, and the birthplace of Napoleon I., whose house is still to be seen. During the World War the city was a naval base for vessels of the Allied forces operating in the Mediterrean. Pop. about 20,000.