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Alabama (State in the South Cen- Soil)
a State in the South Cen- Soil. In the S. part of the State the tral Division of the North American soil is a light alluvial and diluvial; in Union; bounded by Tennessee, Georgia, the central, the cotton belt, limestone and Florida, Mississippi, and the Gulf of chalk lands predominate; and in the N. Mexico; gross area, 52,250 square miles; part, which contains the Tennessee valadmitted into the Union, Dec. 14, 1819; ley, ley, are exceedingly rich mineral lands. seceded, Jan. 11, 1861; readmitted, June Besides the agricultural, mineral, and 25, 1868; number of counties, 67. Pop. Pop. grazing lands, there are large tracts of (1900) 1,828,697; (1910) 2,138,093; valuable yellow pine forests. (1920) 2,348,174. Capital, Montgomery.
Topography. The surface is highest in the N. E., where the Blue Ridge range of the Appalachian mountains enters the State. South of this the surface is almost level, and consists of plains forming a gentle declivity toward the Gulf. The State comprises four distinctive belts: the cereal, mineral, cotton, and timber; the first covering 8 counties, the second 28, the third 17, and the fourth, the remainder. Among the valleys, those of the Tennessee, the Warrior, and the Coosa are the most important. The principal rivers are the Alabama, Tennessee, Mobile, Tombigbee, Black Warrior, and Chattahoochee. A number of others, rising in Alabama, have their outlets in Florida. Bays comprise the Grand, Bon Secours, Perdido, and Mobile, the last being one of the most important in the country.
Geology. All of the formations of the Appalachian region are found in this State, which has three geological divisions: (1) the northern, showing showing subcarboniferous rock masses and coal measures; (2) the middle, metamorphic, and calcareous rocks, silurian sediments, and coal measures; and (3) the southern, drift beds over cretaceous and tertiary rocks. Mineralogy. The State has large wealth in its mineral resources, which include coal, iron, asbestos, asphalt, pottery and porcelain clays, marble, granite phosphates, natural gas, gold, silver, Agriculture. The production value of the principal crops in 1919 was as follows: Corn, 62,843,000 bushels, valued at $99,920,000; wheat, 1,242,000 bushels, valued at $3,043,000; oats, 6,- 696,000 bushels, valued at $7,031,000; tobacco, 1,890,000 pounds, valued at $567,000; rye, 38,000 bushels, valued at $99,000; rice, 16,000 bushels, valued at $43,000; potatoes, 3,520,000 bushels, valued at $7,568,000; sweet potatoes, 14,- 194,000 bushels, valued at $16,139,000; hay, 1,367,000 tons, valued at $30,484,- 000; cotton, 715,000 bales, valued at $124,410,000; peanuts, 6,840,000 bushels, valued at $14,911,000.
Manufactures. In 1914 there were 3,242 manufacturing establishments, with an average of 78,717 wage earners. The capital invested was $227,505,000; value of materials, $107,412,000; and value of the finished product, $178,798,000.
Banking. In 1919 there were 95 National banks in operation, having $10,- 825,000 in capital. There were also 261 State banks, with $10,877,000 in capital, $81,576,000 in deposits, and $101,700,000 deposits, in resources. The exchanges at the United States clearing-house at Birmingham aggregated $146,918,000 in the year ending Sept. 30, 1919.
Education. Alabama, in common with other Southern States, has had great difficulty in developing its educational system. The common schools of the State are fairly well equipped, and nearly all counties are provided with high Ripley O Corinth Baldwin A 88° TN Booneville Fulton Tupelo P 34 Okolona Aberdeen Jo.
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Quincy Blountstown Bristol Apalachicola R C 31 5 Ocklockonee R E ALABAMA schools. The percentage of illiteracy is high, but is steadily decreasing. large percentage of negro population ac- counts in a large measure for the low average of literacy. The school populacounts in a large measure for the low average of literacy. The school population is about 750,000. The total enrollment in the schools is about 450,000. There are about 8,000 teachers in schools for white children and about 3,000 in schools for colored children. The principal universities and colleges are the Alabama, formed by the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa above Mont-