Ashurst
HENRY FOUNTAIN, United States Senator from Arizona.
He was born in Winnemucca, Nev., in 1875, was educated in the public schools-parts. In the Pacific are three large 2 Чоре 001 3 NORTH AMERICA 8 ASIA peninsulas, Korea, Kamchatka, and that of the Tchuktchis. The flat, ever frozen, uninhabitable peninsulas of the Arctic no part in the growth of civilization.
Seas and Gulfs. - The early inhabitants of Asia had no Mediterranean Sea to serve as a highway of communication navy. serve as a highway of communication as. The between the southern peninsulas. gulfs which separate them, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, are wide open divisions of the Indian Ocean. The Red Sea penetrates between Africa and Arabia; and only now, since it has been brought into communication with the Mediterranean by the Suez Canal, has it become an important channel of traffic.
Asia's true Mediterranean is on the E., where several archipelagoes, like so many chains of islands, mark off from the ocean the southern and eastern China Seas, whose Gulfs of Siam and Tonkin, and, especially, the Yellow Sea, with continent. The Sea of Japan has on its the Gulf of Pechili, penetrate into the continent. The Sea of Japan has on its Manchuria. The Sea of Okhotsk and that of Bering, although possessing fine gulfs (Ghizhiga, Anadyr), have no importance for the maritime traffic of nations. large, Islands. The islands of Asia cover an aggregate of no less than 1,023,000 square miles (nearly 6 per cent. of Asia's surface). The coasts of Asia Minor are aggregate of no less than 1,023,000 square miles (nearly 6 per cent. of Asia's ades connect it with Greece. Cyprus was from remote antiquity a center of civilization; so also Ceylon. The Lacades connect it with Greece. Cyprus was from remote antiquity a center of atolls, rising amid the Indian Ocean and sheltering some 200,000 inhabitants. The islands of east Asia are much more important. A narrow strip of islands, some rge, like Sumatra (177,000 square miles) and Java, others mere reefs, extend in a wide semi-circle, under the name of Andaman and Sunda Islands, from Burma to Australia, separating the Intend in a wide semi-circle, under the name and the Malay Archipelago. This last immense volcanic region, inhabited by the Malay race, comprises the huge Borneo, the ramified Celebes, and the dian Ocean from the shallow Java Sea and the Malay Archipelago. This last the Philippines, etc., connected on the N.
W. with the Chinese coast by the island of Formosa. This latter, as well as Hainan, may be properly considered as part of the Chinese mainland. The Loochoo (Liu-Kiu) Islands and the Japanese Archipelago, the latter joining W. with the Chinese coast by the island of Formosa. This latter, as well as farther N. E. this chain of islands which border the coast of Asia. In the Arctic ASIA Ocean, the small Bear Islands, the archípelago of the Liakhof, Anjou, and De by Lieut. R. M. Berry, United States Long Islands, as also those of the Kara or Wrangel's Land, off the peninsula of Sea, are lost amid icefields, and are but the Tchuktchis, was thoroughly explored by Lieut. R. M. Berry, United States uniformly spread over its surface, the mountains and plateaus of Asia were uniformly spread over its surface, the continent would rise no less than 2,885 feet above the sea, while Africa and North America would respectively reach only 2,165 and 1,950 feet. High plateaus occupy nearly two-fifths of its area. One Sea to the valley of the Indus; while the other, the high plateaus of eastern Asia, still loftier and much more extensive, of them, that of western Asia, including Anatolia, Armenia, and Iran, extends in Sea to the valley of the Indus; while the other, the high plateaus of eastern Asia, still loftier and much more extensive, stretches N. E. from the Himalayas to the northeastern extremity of Asia, reing N. E., and meeting Bering Strait, ing N. E., and meeting Bering Strait, the northwestern extremity of the high plateau of North America. Rivers. Only four rivers, the Mississippi, Amazon, Kongo, and Nile, sur- pass the largest rivers of Asia, the Yenisei and the Yangtse-kiang, both as to length and drainage areas; but owing to the scarcity of rain over large compared with American or European parts of Asia, the amount of water carried down by the largest rivers is,
The predominant feature of compared with American or European rivers.
On the great plateau of eastern Asia's hydrography is the existence of very wide areas having no outlet to the sea.
Asia, the region which has no outlet from the plateau, and whose water does not reach even Lake Aral or the Caspian, covers a surface larger than that of Spain, France, and Germany together.
It is watered only by the Tarim, which supplies some irrigation works in its upper parts, and enters the rapidly drysupplies some irrigation works in its upper parts, and enters the rapidly drysteadily increasing, and since 1862 we have had to add to it the drainage area (as large as England and Wales) of the steadily increasing, and since 1862 we have had to add to it the drainage area (as large as England and Wales) of the but no longer reaches the Argun, a River and the Tchagantogoi now no tributary of the Amur. The Ulyasutai longer reach Lake Balkash; tributary of the Amur. The Ulyasutai River and the Tchagantogoi now no Irtysh at no very remote date, empties into a lake separated from the Black Irtysh by a low isthmus not 5 miles wide.
If we add to this the drainage basins of ; and the Ur- 1 ASIA Lake Balkash with its tributaries, the Ili and other smaller rivers; the great Lake Aral, with the Syr-daria (Jaxartes) and Amudaria (Oxus), as also the numerous rivers which flow toward it or its tributaries, but are desiccated by evaporation before reaching them, and finally the Caspian with its tributaries, the Volga, Ural, Kura, and Terek, we find an immense surface of more than 4,000,000 square miles; that is much larger than Europe, which has no outlet to the ocean. The plateaus of Iran and Armenia, two separate areas in Arabia, and one in Asia Minor, represent a surface of 5,567,000 square miles. The drainage area of the Arctic Ocean includes all the lowlands of Siberia, its plains and large portions of the great plateau. The chief rivers flowing N. to the Arctic Ocean are the Obi, with the Irtysh; the Yenisei, with its great tributary, the Angara, which brings to it the waters of Lake Baikal, itself fed by the Selenga, the Upper Angara, and hundreds of small streams; and finally the Lena, with its great tributaries, the Vitim, Olekma, Vilui, ui, and Aldan. Three great navigable rivers enter the Pacific: the Amur, composed of the Arguñ and Shilka, and receiving the Sungari, a great artery of navigation in Manchuria, the Usuri and the Zeya; the Hoang-ho; and the Yangtse-kiang, the last two rising on the plateau of Tibet. Freighted boats penetrate from the seacoast to the very heart of China. The Cambodia, or Me-kong, the Salwen, and the Irawadi, rising in the eastern parts of the high plateau, water the Indo-Chinese peninsula. Ri the Indus the Brahmaputra nsula.
Rising on the same height, through a high valley in opposite directions along the northern base of the Himalayas, until both pierce the gigantic ridge at its opposite ends, and find their way, the former to the lowlands of the Punjab, where it is joined by the Sutlej, and the latter to Assam and Bengal, where it joins the great river of India, the Ganges, before entering the Gulf of Bengal by a great number of branches forming an immense delta. The plateau of the Deccan is watered by the Godavari and Krishna, flowing E., the Narbada, flowing W., and a great number of smaller streams. The Tigris and Euphrates, both rising in the high plateau of Armenia, flow parallel to each other, bringing life to the valley of Mesopotamia, and join before entering the Persian Gulf. Arabia proper has no rivers worthy of notice. The Irmah, which enters the Black Sea, is the only river worthy of notice in Asia Minor.
In Caucasus, the Rion and Kuban enter ASIA the Black Sea, and the Kura and Terek, the Caspian.
Inland Seas and Lakes. - A succession of great lakes or inland seas are situated all along the northern slope of the high plateaus of western and eastern Asia, their levels becoming higher as we advance farther E. The Caspian, 800 miles long and 270 wide, is an immense sea, even larger than the Black Sea, but its level is now 85 feet below the level of the ocean: Lake Aral, nearly as wide as the Ægean Sea, has its level 157 feet above the ocean; farther E. we have Lake Balkash (780 feet), Zaison (1,200 feet), and Lake Baikal (1,550 feet).
Many large lakes appear on the plateau of Tibet (Tengri-nor, Bakha), and on the high plateau of the Selenga and Vitim (Ubsa-nor, Ikhe-aral, Kosogol, Oron); and smaller lakes and ponds are numerous also in the plateau of the Deccan, Armenia, and Asia Minor. Three large lakes, Urmia, Van, and Goktcha, and many smaller ones, lie on the highest part of the Armenian plateau. On the Pacific slope of the great plateau, the great rivers of China and the Amur, with its tributaries, have along their lower courses some large and very many small lakes.
Geology. The great plateaus, built up of crystalline unstratified rocks, granites, granitites, syenites, and dionites, as well as of gneisses, talc, and micaschists, clap-slates and limestones, all belong to the Archæan formation (Huronian, Laurentian, Silurian, and partly Devonian), and have been submerged by the sea since the Devonian epoch. The the plateaus of the Sel higher terrace of the plateau of Pamir Selenga and Vitim are built up only of Huronian and Laurentian azoic schists; and even Silurian deposits, widely spread on the plains, are doubtful on the plateaus. During the Jurassic period, immense fresh water basins covered the surface of those plateaus, and have left their traces in Jurassic coal beds, which are found in the depressions of the plateaus and lowlands.
Carboniferous deposits are met with in Turkestan, India, and western Asia; while in eastern Asia the numerous coalbeds of Manchuria, China, and the archipelagoes lagoes are all Jurassic.
More than 120 active volcanoes are known in Asia, chiefly in the islands of the S. E., the Philippines, Japan, the Kurile, and Kamchatka, and also in a few islands of the Seas of Bengal and Arabia, and in western Asia. Numerous traces of volcanic eruptions are found in eastern Tian-shan in the northwestern border ridges of the high Siberian plateau, and in the S. W. of Aigun, in 8。 3 ㅎ。 2 8。 0° A P ASIA Manchuria. Earthquakes are frequent, especially in Armenia, Turkestan, and around Lake Baikal.
Minerals. There are gold mines of great wealth in the Urals, the Altai, and eastern Siberia; and auriferous sands are found in Korea, Sumatra, Japan, and in the Caucasus Mountains. Silver is extracted in Siberia; platina, in the Urals; copper, in Japan, India, and Siberia; tin, in Banca; mercury, in Japan. Iron ore is found in nearly all the mountainous regions, especially in Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan, India, China, Japan, and Siberia; but iron mining is still at a rudimentary stage.
Immense coal-beds are spread over China and the islands of the Pacific (Hainan, Japanese Archipelago, Sakhalin), eastern Siberia, Turkestan, India, Persia, and Asia Minor. They cover no less than 500,000 square miles in China alone; but the extraction of coal is as yet very coal is as yet yet very limited. Graphite of very high quality is found in the Sayans and northern Siberia. The diamonds of India, the sapphires of Ceylon, the rubies of Burma and Turkestan, the topazes, beryls, etc., of the Urals and Nertchinsk, have a wide repute. Layers of rock-salt are widely spread, and still more SO the salt more so the salt lakes and springs. The petroleum wells of the Caspian shores already rival those of the United States. A variety of mineral springs, some of them equal to the best waters of western Europe, are widely spread over Asia.
Flora. There is little difference between the vegetation of the E. of Europe and that of northwestern Asia. Forests cover extensive tracts, and consist of pine, fir, larch, cedar, silver fir, birch, aspen, and poplars.
In the region to the E. of the high plateau, including China, Manchuria, and Manchuria, Mancl and Japan, oak reappears. So also the walnut, the hazel, the lime tree, and the maple; while several new species of poplars, willows, acacias, and many others, make their appearance .
The beech is characteristic of the forests of western Asia. Here also are found all the trees of southern Europe.
The vine and several of the European fruit trees (plum, cherry, apricot, pear) are regarded by botanists as belonging originally to this region. The flora of Asia Minor combines those of southern Europe and northern Africa, owing to its evergreen oaks, laurels, olive trees, myrtles, oleanders, and pistachio trees, as also to its variety of bulbous plants.
Southern and southeastern Asia, with their numerous islands, display the richest flora. In the neighborhood of the ASIA sea-coasts, the tropical vegetation reaches the variety and size of the American.
Here the sugar cane, the cotton shrub, and the indigo had their origin. The cocoanut palm and the banyan tree are the most striking feature of the coast vegetation. Ferns reach the size of large trees. The gigantic banyan, the screw pine, the India rubber, and the red cotton trees occur in immense forests; and bamboos grow thick and high.
In Borneo, Java, and the islands of the archipelago, the tropical vegetation is like that of India. The sago palm, the bread tree, imported from the South Sea Islands, and the tamarind, also imported, are largely cultivated, as also the cocoanut palm and the sugar palm.
Orchids appear in their full variety and beauty. The swamps are covered with mangroves or with the nipa or susa palm; and vanilla, pepper, clove, and nearly all the species are native to this region.
Asia has given to Europe a variety of useful plants; among them, wheat, barley, oats, and millet, onions, radishes, peas, beans, spinach, and other vegetables. Nearly all our fruit trees have the same origin; the apple, pear, plum, cherry, almond, pistachio, and mulberry, the raspberry, and even lucerne, were imported from Asia to Europe.
Fauna. The fauna of nearly the whole of continental Asia belongs to one single domain. Animals could easily spread over the plains of Europe and Siberia on the one side, and on the other along the high plateau which stretches from Tibet to the land of the Tchuktchis. This wide region can be easily subdivided into the Arctic region, the Boreal, embracing the lowlands of western Siberia; the Daurian, in the northern parts of the great plateau; and the central Asian. The fauna of Siberia is much like that of eastern Europe. It is the true habitat of all fur-bearing animals, as the bear, wolf, fox, sable, ermine, otter, beaver, common weasel and squirrel; also the hare, wild boar, the stag, the reindeer, and the elk, all belonging to the European faunus, with the addition of several species common to the Arctic fauna.
Tau The central Asian plateau has a fauna We find there the wild anof its own. cestors of several of our domestic animals, viz., the wild horse, discovered by Przewalski (Prejevalsky) in the Alashan Mountains, the wild camel and donkey, and the capra ægargus, from which our common goat is descended. The yak, several species of antelopes, and the roebuck are characteristic of the central Asian fauna; so also are the huge sheep, now disappearing, which ASIA found refuge in the wilder parts of the plateaus. In the Steppe region we find the same fauna as in Siberia, with the addition of the tiger, which occasionally reaches Lake Zaisan, and even Lake Baikal; the leopard and hyena coming from warmer regions; and a variety of endemic birds. The bison, which has now completely disappeared from Europe (with the exception of the Byelovyezh forests in western Russia), is still found in the forests of Caucasus; also the same abundance of pheasants as on the Pacific littoral.
Southern and southeastern Asia belong to a separate zoölogical domain. The heights of the Himalayas have the fauna of the Tibet portion of the high plateau; but on their S. slopes the fauna is purely Indian and Transgangetic, while a few African species are found on the plains of India and in the Deccan. As a whole the tropical fauna of Asia is richer than the African. It is characterized by the great number of carnivora, which find refuge in the jungles, and by the elephant, rhinoceros, wild buffalo, red deer, many long-armed apes and half-apes, huge bats, genets, and a variety of serpents and crocodiles; the bird fauna includes vultures, a variety of parrots, pelicans and flamingoes. The fauna is still richer in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, while in the archipelagos of southeastern Asia several Australian species add to its extent.
Ethnography. The aggregate population of Asia is estimated at 928,000,000, being thus more than one-half of the entire population of the globe. This population, however, is small, giving only an average of 53 inhabitants per square mile. It is greatest in those parts of Asia which are most favored by rains.
The inhabitants of Asia belong to five different groups; the so-called Caucasian (fair type) in western Asia and India; the Mongolian in central and eastern Asia, as also in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula; the Malay in Malacca and the Indian Archipelago; the Dravidas in southeastern India and Ceylon; and the Negritos and Papuas in the virgin forests of the Philippine Islands and Celebes; also a sixth great division comprising the stems which inhabit northeastern Asia, the Hyperboreans, whose affinities are not yet well known. The Mongolian race alone embraces nearly seven-tenths of the population of Asia; the Malay, about two-tenths, and the Caucasian about one-tenth.
Religions. Asia has been the birth place of religions; the Jewish, Buddhist, Christian, and Mohammedan having their ASIA origin in Asia, where they grow up under the influence of still older religions, the Babylonian and that of Zoroaster, both also of Asiatic origin. At present the inhabitants of Asia belong chiefly to the Buddhist religion, which has 530,000,- 000 to 560,000,000 of followers, i. e., nearly one-third of mankind. The old faith of Hinduism has 187,000,000 of followers in India. Most of the inhabitants of western Asia, as also of part of central Asia, follow the religion of Islam; they may number about 90,000,000. The Christians number about 20,000,000 in Armenia, Caucasus, Siberia, and Turkestan. Jews are scattered mostly in western central Asia.
Political Conditions. While the countries beyond the great plateau entered but quite recently within the domain of Western history, those on its Mediterranean slope have have never ceased to exercise a powerful influence on Europe. At the very dawn of written history, that is, 50 centuries before our era, the great Akkadian Empire already influenced the inhabitants of the coasts of the Mediterranean. Later on the Phoenicians extended their authority over northern Africa, and the Ægean Sea; the Persians modified the development of Egypt; and at a very remote epoch an oasis of high civilization, grown up at the base of the Altai Mountains, spread itself to the W. over northern Europe. Alexander of Macedon pushed his conquests as far as Turkestan: and, later on, Rome conquered western Asia. But the Greek and Arabian civilization in central Asia decayed under the raids of Mongolian tribes; the Roman empire was absorbed by the East, and fell into decay at the very confines of Asia, on the shores of the Bosphorus; the Arsacides and Sassanides of Persia repulsed the Roman aggression and conquered Roman provinces, while the great migrations of the first centuries of our era were due to mass movements from Asia into Europe. Ural-Altaians_migrated to the Urals and thence to Hungary. Other Turanians, the Mervs, the Alans, the Avars, penetrated into Europe from the S. E. Mongols abandoned plateaus, and invaded the Russian plains; the Arabs, following the S. coast of the Mediterranean, invaded Spain; and the empire of the Osmanlis arose on the ruins of the eastern Roman empire. By these invasions, Asia arrested the free development of Europe, and compelled the Germanic, Gallic, and Slavonic federations to gather into powerful states of the Roman monarchical type.
Portuguese ships, rounding the Cape, founded the first European colonies in 60° North Cape KONDADE, LAPLAND STOCKHOLM GULF OF BALTIC SEAG Danzi Konigses GERMANY 50 Pinsk Kief 4 Dnieper R OTLAND Riga Libau Vilna Minsk Chernigof Reval BOTHNIA FINLA Nikolaistadt Abo Helsingfor Kronstadt Smolensk Kharkov Ekaterinoslav Sea Azof Donet Rosfoy Mt Elbruz 18,526 40 CAUCASU Titlis 5 Orel Stavropol DO Novgorod Dor A Onega Lau Olonet et Petrograd Volga R.
Moscow Pensa Saratov Tsaritsyn Volga R.
R Oneg rega Vologda Varanger Fjord KOLA PEN 6. Arch Dwine R Veliki Ustiuk Viatka Nizhni Novgorod R Volga Obtchel Syrt Uralsk Kalmykovsk Gurie Astrakhan the Kolga Dead Mouths of NSE Petrovsk UOMIS Baku Kura R Tabriz Kazb 30 Derbent A 1 Ural Re Kasan Samara Uilikoy C. Kanin SEA Mezen Bangel Vutch Kama Ufa R A B KING OSCAR LD.
ALEXANDRA.LOO FRANZ JOSEPH CROWN PR. RUDOLPH LD. 4050 C R BARENTS SEA KOLGUEV Matyushin Moller Bay Shar NOV Kara Cheskaia Bay WAIGATZ Toll Poss 5540 Deneshkin Kamen Perm M Verkoturie eviansk Pustosersk Ussa Musdsinsk Berezov kand str.
C C. Nassau EMBLA KARA WHITE I C.Skuratova SEA Yugor Str. YALM LAND E 70° 80° F 1 G 90° T C. Mauritius SOLITUDE 1 0 H LMN Volga JK C. Vegan C Taimy TAIMYR BRUSEVITZ IS.
C. Middendory KJELMAN'S IS.
SVERDRUPS 1.0 KAMENNI I DICKSON VILK'TSK I nokson Har nisei Bay Gofthikh Lubinsk PEN.
Qbdorsk Sharkalanskol TO Attymskol Mal Petropavlovs vda R Turin WE SR Ekaterinburg Valutoro Glatous Irbit Tiumen Indus Orenburs Orsk Tobol R Gul Bay BOLSK Korepovsk Tolstonovsk TAIMYR 2.C. Chelyuskin Thaddeus Bay ST.PETER 1.
C.
Stuxberg PENINSU ST PAUL 1.
Byrranga Mts.
Taimyr L Taimyr R E NRIETTA 1 BENNETT 1.
FADEIEF NEW SIBERIA BIELKOVSKI KOTELNO NORDENSKJOLD Nordvik B:
Khatangas B.
Popigalsk Khatangsk Borodina Kheta Shdanovan Norllek Dudinsk Lusino, Khantaisk Nosovsk Igarsk nisei Filipovskol Koreunoi Slverma E Mts.
Deneshkino An DE LOR NEW SIBERIA LIT LIAKOP Omuliak B.
Allaha Edomsa Oshogina rk BEAR IS.
C.Shet AION 1.
Nishni Krest Kolmysk R Sredne m Dolgoil Angarka LIAKOF Delta of the Lena C. Sviatoi Borkara Pana usskol B Ust Ustiansk SEMENOVSKI.
VASILIEVSKI SEA SALKALEV I.
Yangkan Mts O Moneiro L/Boyebol TurukhangkGHNL Peshovsk Fatiansic we Verkne Inbatskoj Mt.
Udsha R R. Kormoye Novoselovsk Bakhtinsk Verkne Tshunsk Sargut Wach R. Stony Tunguskol ymp Symskoi Samarovsk Maniny Tobolsk Ob S Tel Tymskol Dubtchesk Tshunya Ri Ankula Stony Pit Mts.
Yarkino Nazimovsk Ust Pitzkolo Tchadobsk Maksimoyarsk R SA\B/E RETKot A Yeniseisk Tara Novo Ilinsk Butakovsk Vilkiny Kamyshensk roznezensk /Nikolysk Ishim Tyukalinsk Omsk Petropavlovsk Lebyashia Shah Koktohelay Karoi La Ulkan Kysh Murunsk Atbazar Tchargain-agatch, Ak Hubbak TURGAY Karabutak Turgal Embinsk URALSK Alexandrovsk B.
Emba Kaidak Ust Urt Plateau C. Aspheron Buchas CAS esht DA Usunada Lrgis O Terekly ralsk Kazaliesk ARAL Ft. Petrovsk SEA ungrad -Yant Darya Chimbaj SYR Kipchak KHIVA Khiva Petro Ulu Tau Tchangark (Shelfezin tish Aulsk Kainsk Pestshanyl Pavlodar Semiarsk Ayakit Bulun Edshianzey كم tycantala Kangiu Shankl Kharaulach Mts.
Nilig Khoronka Mar Sion Orulgang Mts.
Balagan Viliuisk Niurba Khantsagai Cokha R Chona Suntar Krestov Ivanush Nepskt Vitimsk Zozning Korelinsk Kirensk Bedubinsk Tungusk UP Petropavlovsk Taskhama Ula R Kazatshinsk Troitski Treiniga Marunsk 1) Shelomovsk hinsk Krasnojarsk Bratzkoi Mungatsk Balikhtanek Ostroge Yenis Anachinsk Nishni Udinsko Kuraginsk Kolyvan Kuznesk • SuZunski Abakansko Akmolinsk Bayan Tchiaerlinak Semipalatinsk Koksu Pavlovski Barnaul Busk Tashtybsky L. Telesker Taida Smeinogorsk AKMOLINSK Karkaralinsk Alexandrovsk GENL GOV Sary Su Chu Daryo Kara Kut Mt. Bielukha Baragulinsk SEMIPALATINSK Tubansk C Sel Kolymsk Olbut Verkne Kolymsk SK ATYA ARCTIC CIRCLE te Sashivers Verkhoiansk dytcha Verkholansk Mts.
Tohukur Sinskole Isikskaja Sin Mt Mariarkhansk sk Tcherendeis Nokhtuisk Martynoysk Podvolotchuaia Ust Hginsk Verkholensk Balagansk Kutuisk Udinsky Kutuliksk Malta Shuchinel Sayan Mt.
Kureny Khud Kem B Tannu Ubzanor Tex C Ulankom Kirghis-nor Mts.
K Vitim Plateau Char Olekma R Kular R Aldansk Yakutsk U Omekonk Tcherno losk Onotars st Maisk Tchabdinsk Alde Aimsk Konam PlotLischtshe Omskonskie erada Anteha Mietinsle Aklansk cop Upar Kamensk Oliutorsk Yama BC. Govener C. Oliutursky Ghislicinsk Tumansko B Pe C. Piayin Palla Tauisk Takhtaimsk.o Khandykel Okhotsk Orgelykan Tehumikan Aian C.Alebin C. Shestakovs Ti Karaginsk KARAGIN 1.
Ukhtoloks Bielog lovsk SEA OF ST.JOHN I.
FEKLISTOV I.
GR SHANTAR 1.
Barukansk olaiev C. Ozernoi C.Stolbovoi Özernovsk Khaliulinsk Kozyrevsk Klluchev 10/ 62, Ganálisk 3 Bolisheries Petropavlovsk Oglukomina Vorovsk Lapari OKHOTSK C. Elizabeth R GENL GOVT OF THE AMUR Iguashing Ust Strielk Gorbitsa Barguzinsk TRANS-BAIKALIA Tunkinsk Verkne Okinsky Lake Baikal Chaigyl Irkutsk insk Mirchita Strieten Nortchinsk Nikolaievsk Gaduinboisk Akchinsk Delenginsk blono Kos Khamardaban Petrovsk Eder R.
Khara tenisk o Gol Khangal Mts. Uliasutai 以迎OF THE STEPPES 10 GREAT L Kanitshao Lake Balkash R.
DARYA Turkistan Krizil Kumo GOVT .
OFSTU Alexandrov Bashkend TRANS-CASPIAN PROVD Kizil Arvar Balfruch Asterabad Meshed Mt. Demavend Demavend 18,000 Kum TEHERAN Kashan Ispahan Kumisheh Tebbes o Bokhara Kara Kum(Desert) Geok Tepe Nushapur Badjistan Birdjand Of from Kerman Murghab Tezd L. Niris Darab Bunder Abbas Linja S KISHM 2 OF Persian 6. Gulf Sharjah Bam of Khanu Nikh Bampur Kasrkand Sohar GULF OF OMAN 20 MASKAT 4 M Mery (Desert) (Arys O Kho Tamang Uchakty Samarkand okan SAMARKAND okan Amr Я પિsay Herat Gurian Ghizau Karshi Daria Balkh Hissar KABUL Ghazni AFGHANIST Girzépk Suichau Farah Nadall Helmand Chageho Kuranti Garm Arkatsko L.
Berglop Tarbagatal Mt opol Ala R Kul Lépzinsk SEMIRETCHINSK Kopalo Mt Semenov Kul Vernoye Arka Kul Zaisansk Irish R.
Bulun Clugutchak Tokhoi Urungu Tau Ebi-nor Shikho Kuldja Tokmak Kara Kol SHAN Kucharo Aksu 1889 HIAN R Kizil Manas Drumtsio Durga-nor Narbonchi tran ALTAI M R Barkul O Hami Selenga R Khobol 0 MTS.
N Gobl Sobo Nor Guchan Bogdo Tu Turfan MTS.
Mt.。 Karashahr N Bugar Baghrash L.
H Kuruk Tagh Mts. L. Chingsheng Kurla Intshik Oshturfan Shah Yar Usen Tarim Kuruk Su Kashgar Maralbashi Tagharma Yarkands Kargalik unduz SH 25,8 HINDU Pamir Plateau N Zilning Aghzi K CHINESE TURKESTAN Chargalik Kugiar Chitrandus R Peshawar Sulaiman Mts.
R Quetta Dera Ghazi Khán KELAT BALUCHISTAN Indus Shikarpur Khodabandan Passani Gwadar TROPIC OF CANCER ARABIA Ras el Hadd Bela'o Karachi Mouths of the Indus ARABIAN Kutreki MASIRA I.
Ras Madraka 60° SEA E Srinagar MA Dera Ismail Khan Chamba Sutlej R.
Multan Bahawalpur Khotan Chotan Rudok Chira R Aru Cho A N Kara Koshin Sachu TAGHMTS.
L Tok Dshalong税店 Simla Saharanpu Lahores o Amritsar Ambala Meerut Delhi D Jaipur TN 0 Bikaner Jodhpur o Hidarabad Gulf of Cutch 'Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 Mandy 70° Ajmere Udaipur Ahmadabad F Agra Q Gartok Barelly A Gwalior A Lucknow Po I Dangra Yum ChoRPO GANGR Tadam Khatmandu Cawnpur Allahabad 80° E N Ho Go Ghainshe Suchan Kanchau NAN SHAN Ulangadjir P Tangla Mts.
E B Senja Tengri Nor Mt. Everes igatse 0 SIKKIM N LASSA Sanpo R.
A Punakha G Longitude_90° East TS Dichu Nor H Koko Nor S from Troitskozavek Maimatchin Ashinginsk Urga Tola R Maimatram G urluk Abagaitujevsk Kerulen R.
S Uashoj Gozimoy Anozova AMUR Jatshan Tolbuzína Albazin AMU Katenasova Amur zensk Pagobi SAKHALIN (To Russia) Alexandrowsk Post Dui liavo Mygea Gulf of Tartary Constantinov ts Bibikova PROVINCE Blagovicschensk Aigun Poyarkova L. Balan Butkha Mergen Skobeltsina Peshkova Baddeivka Khabarovka Dobraya MTS.
Dalais Nor Pir or Buir Nor OLIA Zairusu Shamo Gurban Zalkhat Batang or E Dłuchn Ninghsiap Sining S Hoang Desert Ho Seping Yengan Kingyang, Lanchau Kungchang Paoning Chingtu Tasien Suichau Wei Khomars Atchilan Tsitsihar Sùng Amurskey Tolaf Muravier Hulan Tsicheng Harbin Usuri Sik Nikolsko Yavinolo C. Lopatkav PARAMUSHIR (To Japan) ISLAND C.Patience Patience Bay Luzunai Korzakova C. Notoro C. Tonin ONEKOTAN IS 60 A 101310 • SIMUSIN C. Aniva C. Soya La Perouse Str.
Bussole Str ITURU KURIL- KUNASHIR Share URUP Ishikari B. HOKUSHU keshi C. Disappoint ment C. Erimo Olga B.C. Okamur Sapporo/Sirunoki Vladivostok C. Povorotny C. Shiriya Hakodu Volcano B Matsumar Aomori Akita Tayumani O FTsugaru Peter the Great B.
Toroussy PetunoNingutad Baskoys Tsheguan Poro -Shara Muren Dolon nor Lohning R Kuanchingtzi Modunkhoten Kaiyuen Kirin Kyongheung Nugata SADO 1.
Sendai KIO NE HONSHU F Port Lazaref JAPAN Matsuyama Kildu Paishan Mukden Museno 50. Tapobhon SEA Chang Liaotung Newehwan PEKING Kingchau Huju Broughton Bay Kongneung MATU SHIMA Fuseno Bay Kanazawa 。 Nagoy Yokohama • Koto Shimoda.5 Wakasa B LIANCOURT IS.
Yonghai Fuchow Wiju Port Adam's Dalny Korea Hwangju C. Durokh 4. Amchau G.of Port Arthur Bay Pechili (To Jap.) Kalgan? Ninghai Tientsin Paoting o Taiyuen Taku Wuting HO Honan Kaifong R.Hoang Singan Hanchung 100° Greenwich. J H Kweichau SEOUL (Gr. Brit.) Thalan Chingchuchefu Wei-hai-wel Tsinan Ichau GRAND CANAL Kiauchau C. Clonard C. Idzumo Hamada Osaka P Ku Channel Broughton Str. OKI IS 104000 Kongju SEA QUELPART SHIKOKU Oka Bungo Str Takanabi men of Van Diemen Str.
KIUSHIU?
OTANEGA I.
Yangtze R. Nagasaki Ok Chinkiang Shanghai Suchau Hangchau Shaobing Ningpo Nanking Nganking Wuchang Hankau Ichang vangtze Chungking Senan Yuenchau Hanyang R Kiukiang Taichau L.
Poyang Wenchau Changsha Nanchang Tungting L.
Siangtan 110° Funing Fuchau Kingan Yenping K [Formosa Str. 120° Kago Shima P A NORTHERN ASIA - SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 200 100 30 600 500 700 300 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 400 Important towns are shown In heavy face type Railroads Canals 130° 6 3 ASIA India. They were soon followed by the Spaniards, the Dutch, the French, the to seize the richest colonies in Asia. Rus- sia, in the course of a few centuries, con- quered and colonized the northwestern slopes of the high plateau and reached sia, in the course of a few centuries, conquered and colonized the northwestern slopes of the high plateau and reached the Pacific. Great Britain established herself in India, and took possession of the whole of the peninsula, and extended her power over the western parts of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. The Portuguese retain in India only Diu, Daman, and Goa; and the French keep Chandernagore, Yanaon, Pondicherry, Charical and Mahé. The next colonial power in Asia is the Dutch, who have under their dominion most of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, the Moluccas and the small Sunda Islands. British and French interests are rivals in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, and, while Burma has become English, the annexation by France of Tonkin and of Siamese territory E. of the Mekhong has consolidated French power in Indo-China. The joint intervention by Russia and France in Chinese affairs after the Japanese War of 1894-1895 further extended both French and Russian influence in Asia.
The Russo-Japanese War, which was in reality a war between the two great powers for the control of Manchuria, resulted in the defeat of Russia and made in reality a war between the two great powers for the control of Manchuria, reern Asia. She further increased her influence by the absorption of Korea which had become complete by 1920. China, in spite of protests for protection from the domination of Japan, had been obliged to yield in important particulars. Japan was given a stronger hold by the possession of Kiao-Chau peninsula, which became her virtual property on the defeat of the Germans and the capture of Tsing tau early in the World War. For details in regard to the countries of Asia, see under the titles of those countries, as Trade. Notwithstanding the difficulof the Germans and the capture of Tsing- tau early in the World War. For de- tails in regard to the countries of Asia, carried on between the different parts of Asia, but there is no possibility of arriving at even an approximate estimate of its aggregate value. Asia deals chiefly in raw materials, gold, silver, petroleum, Asia, but there is no possibility of arrivraw cotton, silk, wool, tallow, and so on; KOREA, CHINA, JAPAN, INDIA, etc. ing at even an approximate estimate of plantations; and a yearly increasing amount of wheat and other grain. Indian cottons of European patterns and jute-stuffs already compete with those of Lancashire and Dundee. Several of the petty trades carried on in India, China, Japan, Asia Minor and some parts of ASIA MINOR tic- Persia, have been brought to so high a perfection that the silks, printed cottons, carpets, jewelry and cutlery of partic tinguished from Asia in the widest ex- tent) is the name usually given to the western peninsular projection of Asia, tic taste many like productions of Europe.
ASIA MINOR (Asia the Less, as disforming part of Turkey in Asia. The tinguished from Asia in the widest extent) is the name usually given to the western peninsular projection late Greek name for Asia Minor is Anatolia-Anatolé, "the East," n of Asia, st," whence is Asia Minor includes the peninsula; the eastern boundary, somewhat artificial, being a line from the Gulf of Skanderoon to formed the Turkish Anadõi. peninsula exceeds 220,000 square miles. the upper Euphrates and thence to a It constitutes the western prolongation of the high table-land of Armenia with point E. of Trebizond. The area of the be rather series of plateaus, rising in gradrather series of plateaus, rising in gradbare steppes, salt plains, marshes and lakes; the structure is volcanic, and bare steppes, salt plains, marshes terior consists of a great plateau, or of which, the Ergish-dagh (Argæus), with two craters, attains a height of 11,830 lakes; the structure is volcanic, and there are several conical mountains, one sarieh, which has itself an elevation of between 2,000 and 3,000 feet. The plateau feet, towering above the plain of Kaihigh, and cut up into groups by cross between 2,000 and 3,000 feet. The plateau is bordered on the N. by a long train of parallel mountains, 4,000 to 6,000 feet high, and cut up into groups by cross parallel mountains, 4,000 to 6,000 feet valleys. These mountains sink abruptly are gentler and bare of wood. Similar is down on the N. side to a narrow strip of coast; their slopes toward the interior are gentler and bare of wood. Similar is coast; their slopes toward the interior more continu continuous and higher, being, to the character of the border ranges on the S., the ancient Taurus, only that they are more continuous and higher, being, to the N. of the Bay of Skanderoon, 10,000 to 12,000 feet, and, farther to the W., 8,000 to 9,000 feet. The W. border is intersected by numerous valleys opening sea the fertile coast-lands of the upon the archipelago, to the northern part of which Mounts Ida and Olympus belong. Between the highlands and the Levant. Of the rivers the largest is the sea lie the fertile coast-lands of the Levant. Of the rivers the largest is the Kizil Irmak (Halys), which, like the Yeshil Irmak (Iris), and the Sakaria (Sangarius), flows into the Black Sea; the Sarabat (Hermus) and Meinder (Meander) flow into the Egean In point of natural history, Asia Minor forms the transition from the continental character of the East to the maritime character of the West. The forest trees and cultivated plants of Europe are seen mingled with the forms characteristic of Persia and Syria. The central plateau, which is barren, has the character of an ASIPHONATA Asiatic steppe, more adapted for the flocks and herds of nomadic tribes than for agriculture; while the coasts, rich in all European products, fine fruits, olives, wine, and silk, have quite the character of the S. of Europe, which on the warmer and drier S. coast shades into that of Africa.
The inhabitants, some 10,000,000 in number, consist of the most various races. The dominant race are the Osmanli Turks, who number 7,000,000, and are spread over the whole country; allied to these are the Turkomans and Yuruks, speaking a dialect of the same language. There are also hordes of nomadic Kurds. Among the mountains E. of Trebizond are the robber tribes of the Lazes.
Under Turkish rule the administration of the country fell into eight vilayets or governments, with their capitals als in Brusa, Smyrna, Konïeh (Iconium), Adana, Sivas, Angora, Trebizond, and Kastamuni respectively. Here was the early seat of Grecian civilization, and here were the countries of Phrygia, Lycia, Caria, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lydia, Pamphylia, Isauria, Cilicia, Galatia, Cappadocia, etc., with Troy, Ephesus, Smyrna, and many other great and famous cities. Here, from the obscure era of Semiramis (about 2,000 years B. c.), to the time of Osman (about 1,300 A. D.), the greatest conquerors of the world contended for supremacy; and here took place the wars of the Medes and Persians with the Scythians; of the Greeks with the Persians; of the Romans with the Mithridates and and the Parthians; of the Arabs, Seljuks, Mongols and Osmanli Turks with the weak Byzantine Empire. Here Alexander the Great and the Romans successfully contended for the mastery of the civilized world. But, notwithstanding all these wars, the country still continued to enjoy some measure of prosperity till it fell into the hands of the Turks, under whose military despotism its ancient civilization was sadly brought to ruin. For conditions in Asia Minor which resulted from the World War, see ARMENIA; GREECE; TUR- KEY; AZERBAIDJAN, REPUBLIC OF; and WORLD WAR.