Augustinians
or AUGUSTINES, of which the chief are the Canons Regof which the chief are the Canons Reg- Augustine or deduced from his writings, and the Begging Hermits or Austin Friars. The Austin Canons were introduced into Great Britain about 1100. They took the vows of chastity and poverty, and their habit was a long, black cassock with a white rochet over it. The Austin Friars, originally hermits, went orders of mendicants. An order of nuns had also the name of Augustines. Their barefooted, and formed one of the four garments, at first black, were latterly violet. of the Western Roman emperors; he reigned during one year only (475-476), when he was overthrown by Odoacer had also the name of Augustines. Their and banished.
Octavius, Roman Emperor, was the son reigned during one year only (475-476), and banished. when he was overthrown by Odoacer of Julia, the sister of Julius Cæsar. He Octavius, Roman Emperor, was the son OCTAVIANUS, originally called Caius of Caius Octavius and Atia, a daughter tavius was at Apollonia, in Epirus, when he received news of the death of his uncle (44 B. C.), who had previously adopted him as his son. He returned to Rome to claim Cæsar's property and avenge his death, and now took, according to usage, his uncle's name, with the surname Octahim as his son. He returned to Rome to chief power, but at first he joined the republican party, and assisted at the dehis uncle's name, with the surname Octa- death, and now took, according to usage, self chosen consul in 43. Soon after the chief power, but at first he joined the AUGUSTUS him and Antony and Lepidus, and this was followed by the conscription and assassination of 300 senators and 2,000 knights of the party opposed to the triumvirate. Next year Octavianus and Antony defeated the republican army under Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. The <
THE STATUE OF THE EMPEROR AUGUSTUS victors now divided the Roman world between them, Octavianus getting the West, Antony the East, and Lepidus Africa. Sextus Pompeius, who had made himself formidable at sea, had now to be put down; and Lepidus was deprived of all authority (36 B. c.) and retired into private life. Antony and Octavianus now shared the empire between them; but while the former, in the East, gave himself up to a life of luxury, and alienated the Romans by his alliance with Cleopatra, Octavianus skillfully cultivated popularity, and soon declared war ostensibly against the Queen of Egypt. The naval victory of Actium, in which the fleet of Antony and Cleopatra was defeated, made Octavianus master of the world, 31 в. C. He returned to Rome 29 в. c. Gradually all the highest offices of state, civil and religious, were united in his hands, and the new title of Augustus was also assumed by him, him, being formally conferred by the Senate in 27 B. c. Under him successful wars were carried on in Africa and Asia (against the Parthians), in Gaul and Spain, in AUK Pannonia, Dalmatia, etc.; but the defeat of Varus by the Germans under Arminius with the loss of three legions, A. D. 9, was a great blow to him in his old age.
Many useful decrees proceeded from him, and various abuses were abolished. He adorned Rome in such a manner that it was said, "He found it of brick, and left it of marble." He was a patron of literature; Vergil and Horace were befriended by him, and their works and those of their contemporaries are the glory of the Augustan Age. His death, which took place at Nola, plunged the empire into the greatest grief. He was thrice married, but had no son, and was succeeded by his stepson Tiberius.
AUGUSTUS I., Elector of Saxony, born 1526. During a peaceful reign he greatly beautified Dresden, his capital, and built the palace of Augustenburg.
Died 1586.
AUGUSTUS II., Elector of Saxony, and King of Poland, born at Dresden in 1670. On account of his enormous muscular power, he was surnamed the Ironhanded, and the Strong. He succeeded his older brother in 1694, and commanded an expedition against the Turks. Owing to the death of John Sobieski, in 1696, the throne of Poland became vacant, and Augustus, after many intrigues, was proclaimed King in 1697. He then formed an alliance with Peter the Great against Charles XII. of Sweden, but the latter hero defeated Augustus in a sanguinary battle at Pultusk, penetrated to Warsaw, and there caused Stanislaus Lecszinski to be elected King of Poland, in place of Augustus. A long war followed, without advantage to Augustus, until the overthrow of Charles, at Pultowa, which event replaced him on the throne. The Poles regarded him as a foreigner and a usurper, and as the mere vassal of Russia. Augustus died in 1733.
AUGUSTUS III., Elector of Saxony, and King of Poland, born at Dresden, 1696, was the son of Augustus II. He was an indolent, idle, and pleasureseeking prince, and his politics were entirely dependent on Russia. His daughter, Maria Josepha, was married to the Dauphin of France, from which alliance sprang Louis XVI., Louis XVIII., and Charles X. Died in 1763.