Badeau
ADAM (ba-dō'), an American military officer, born in New York City, Dec. 29, 1831; educated at private schools. He served with gallantry in the Union army during the Civil War; was on the staff of General Sherman in 1862- 1863, and secretary to General Grant in retired with the rank of Captain in the 1864-1869; and in the latter year was regular army and of Brevet Brigadier- General of Volunteers, and was appointed Secretary of Legation in London. He was Consul-General in London, 1870- 1881, but obtained leave to accompany General Grant in his world tour (1877- 1878). In 1882-1884 he was Consul- General in Havana. His publications include "The Vagabond" (1859); "Military History of Ulysses S. Grant" (3 vols., 1867-1881); "Conspiracy; A Cuban Romance" (1885); "Aristocracy in England" (1886); and "Grant in Peace" (1886). He died March 19, 1895.
BADEN BADENWEILER BADEN (bäd'en), one of the more 1907. Baden was declared a republic important states of Germany, situated in the S. W. of Germany, to the W. of Württemberg. It is divided into four districts, Constance, Freiburg, Karlsruhe, and Mannheim; has an area of 5,823 square miles, and pop. about 2,200,000.
Topography. It is mountainous, being traversed to a considerable extent by the lofty plateau of the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, which attains its highest point in the Feldberg (4,904 feet). The whole of Baden, except a small portion in the S. E., in which the Danube takes its rise, belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which bounds it on the S. and W. Numer- Numer ous tributaries of the Rhine intersect it, the chief being the Neckar. Lakes are numerous, and include a considerable part of the Lake of Constance. The principal minerals worked are coal, salt, iron, zinc, and nickel. The number of mineral springs is remarkably great, and of these not a few are of great celebrity.
The vegetation is peculiarly rich, and there are magnificent forests. The cereals comprise wheat, oats, barley, and rye. Potatoes, hemp, tobacco, wine, and sugar beet are largely produced. Several of the wines, both white and red, rank in the first class. Baden has long been famous for its fruits, also. The manufactures are important. Among them are textiles, tobacco and cigars, chemicals, machinery, pottery ware, jewelry (especially at Pforzheim), wooden clocks, confined chiefly to the districts of the Black Forest, musical boxes and other musical toys. The capital is Karlsruhe, about 5 miles from the Rhine; the other chief towns are Mannheim, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, with a Roman Catholic university; Pforzheim, Constanz, Baden-Baden, and Heidelberg. Baden-Baden has warm mineral springs, which were known and used in the time of the Romans. Heidelberg has a university (Protestant), founded in 1386. There are about 1,500 miles of railways, mostly owned by the state.
History. In the time of the Roman Empire, southern Baden belonged to the Roman province of Rhætia. Under the old German empire it was a margravate, which in 1533 was divided into Baden- Baden and Baden-Durlach, but reunited in 1771. The title of Grand-Duke was conferred by Napoleon in and in the same year Baden was extended to its present limits. The executive power was vested in the Grand-Duke, the legislative in a House of Legislature, consisting of an Upper and a Lower Chamber. In November, 1918, a resolution forced the abdication of the Grand-Duke Frederick II. who had succeeded to the throne in Nov. 13, 1918, and in January, 1919, the National Assembly adopted a new constitution.