Baumbach
RUDOLF (boum'bäch), a German poet, born at Kranichfeld, Saxe-Meiningen, Sept. 28, 1840. After studying natural science in Würzburg, Leipsic, Freiburg, and Heidelberg, he lived as a tutor in Austria, last at Trieste, where he devoted himself afterward exclusively to writing. In 1885 he returned to Meiningen. He has most successfully cultivated the poetical tale, based upon ancient popular legends.
Epics: "Zlatorog,' ," a Slovenic Alpine legend (1875); "Horand and Hilda" (1879); ; Lyrics: "Songs of a Traveling Journeyman" (1878); "Minstrel's on the E., the Republic of Austria on BAVARIA, a state in southern Germany and the second largest state of Germany, composed of two isolated portions, the larger having Czecho-Slovakia the E. and S., and Württemberg, Baden, etc., on the W., while the smaller portion, the Pfalz or Palatinate, is separated from the other by Württemberg and Baden, and lies W. of the Rhine; total area, 30,562 square miles. Pop. about 7,000,000. After Munich, the capital, the chief towns are Nürnberg, Augsburg, Würzburg, Ludwigshafen, and Ratisbon (Regensburg). Songs" (1882); "Traveling Songs from the Alps" (1883); "Jug and Inkstand" (1887); "Thuringian Songs" (1891). He is also author of "False Gold" (1878), a historical romance; "Summer Legends" (1881); "Once Upon a Time" (1889); etc. He died in 1905.
BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin), an important manufacturing town in Saxony, situated on a rising ground over- BAVARIA Topography. The main portion of the kingdom is in most parts hilly; in the S., where it belongs to the Alps, mountainous; but N. of the Alps and S. of the Danube, which flows E., through the country from Ulm to Passau, there is a considerable plateau, averaging about 1,600 feet above the sea level. The S. frontier is formed by a branch of the Noric Alps, offsets from which project far into the plateau; principal peaks: the Zugspitze, 10,394 feet, and the Watzmann, 9,470 feet. The highest summits on the Bohemian (Austrian) frontier, belonging to the Böhmerwald Mountains, are the Rachel, 5,102 feet, and the Arber, 5,185 feet. Ranges of less elevation bordering on or belonging to the country the Fichtelgebirge in the N. E., the Frankenwald, Rhöngebirge, and Spessart in the N., and the Steigerwald and Franconian Jura in the middle. The Palatinate is traversed by the N. extremity of the Vosges Mountains, the highest peak being the Königstuhl, 2,162 feet.
The greater part of the country belongs to the basin of the Danube, which is navigable, its tributaries on the S. being the Iller, Lech, Isar, and Inn; on the N., the Wörnitz, Altmühl, Nab, and Regen. The N. portion belongs to the basin of the Main, which receives the Regnitz and Saale, and is a tributary of the Rhine.
The Palatinate has only small streams that flow into its boundary river, the Rhine. The chief lakes of Bavaria are all on the higher part of the S. plateau; the smaller within the range of the Alps.
The Ammer-See is about 10 miles long by 2½ broad, 1,736 feet above the sea; the Würm-See or Starnberger-See, about 12 miles long by 3 broad, 1,899 feet; and Chiem-See, 9 miles long by 9 to 4 broad, 1,651 feet. The climate in general is temperate and healthful, though some what colder than the other south German states; the yearly average temperature is about 47°. Soil and Productions. - As regards soil BAVARIA The minerals worked include copper, quicksilver, manganese, cobalt, porcelain clay, alabaster, graphite. Large numbers of horses and cattle are reared, as also sheep and swine.
Manufactures. - The principal articles manufactured are linens, woolens, cottons, leather, paper, glass, earthen and iron ware, jewelry, etc. The optical and mathematical instruments made are excellent. A most important branch of industry is the brewing of beer, for which there are upward of 7,000 establishments producing over 260,000,000 of gallons a year. Principal exports: corn, timber, wine, cattle, glass, hops, fruit, beer, wooden wares, etc. From its position Bavaria has a considerable transit trade.
The König Ludwig canal connects the Main at Bamberg with the Altmühl a short distance above its embouchure in the Danube, thus establishing water communication between the German Ocean and the Black Sea.
Education. Before the European War there were over 7,500 elementary schools, on which attendance is compulsory up to 14 years of age. There are three universities, two of which (Munich and Würzburg) are Roman Catholic, and one (Erlangen) Protestant. In art Bavaria is best known as the home of the Nürnberg school, founded about the middle of the 16th century by Albert Dürer. Hans Holbein is also claimed as a Bavarian; and to these have to be added the eminent sculptors, Kraft and Vischer, both born about the middle of the 15th century. The restoration of the reputation of Bavaria in art was chiefly the work of Ludwig I., under whom the capital became one of the most prominent seats of the fine arts in Europe. The religion of the state was Roman Catholicism. All citizens, whatever their creed, possess the same civil and political rights. The dioceses of Bavaria comprise two Roman Catholic archbishoprics, Munich and Bamberg; and six bishoprics, bishoprics, Augsburg, and Spires.
Bavaria is one of the most fertile coun- tries in Germany, producing the vari- Ratisbon, Eichstädt, Passau, Würzburg, ous cereals in abundance, the best hops in Germany, fruit, wine, tobacco, etc., and having extensive forests. Lower Franconia (the Main valley) and the Palatinate are the great vine growing districts. The celebrated Steinwein and Leistenwein are the produce of the slopes of the Steinberg and Marienberg at Würzburg (on the Main). The forests of Bavaria, chiefly fir and pine, yield a large revenue; much timber being annually exported, together with potash, tar, turpentine, etc. The principal mineral products are salt, coal, and iron, some of the mining works belonging to the state. manded. As a result of the Government. - Under the monarchial form of government the Bavarian crown was hereditary in the male line. The executive was in the hands of the King.
The Legislature consisted of two chambers, one of Senators: royal princes, high state officers, clergy, etc.; the other of 150 deputies nominated by electors.
Bavaria sent six members to the German Federal Council (Bundesrath), and 48 to the Reichstag. In times of peace the King of Bavaria commanded the army, but in war the German Emperor commanded. As a result of the new consti- BAVARIA tution, adopted on Aug. 14, 1919, Bavaria became a free state, with universal, equal, direct, secret and proportional suffrage. There is one Chamber, elected for 4 years, one member for every 40,000 inhabitants. The supreme power lies with the people and is exercised by the Cabinet as a whole. The church is separated from the state.
History. The Bavarians take their name from the Boii, a Celtic tribe whose territory was occupied by a confederation of Germanic tribes, called after their predecessors, Boiarii. These were made tributary first to the Ostrogoths, and then to the Franks; and on the death of Charlemagne his successors governed the country by lieutenants, with the title of Margrave, afterward converted (in 921) into that of Duke. In 1070 Bavaria passed to the family of the Guelphs, and in 1180 by imperial grant to Otho, Count of Wittelsbach, founder of the dynasty that reigned until 1918. In 1623 the Duke was made one of the Electors of the Empire. Elector Maximilian II. joined in the war of the Spanish succession on the side of France, and this led, after the battle of Blenheim, 1704, to the loss of his dominions for the next 10 years. His son, Charles Albert, likewise lost his dominions for a time to Austria, but they were all recovered again by Charles' son, Maximilian III. (1745). In the wars following the French Revolution, Bavaria was in a difficult position between France and Austria, but latterly joined Napoleon, from whom its Elector, Maximilian IV., received the title of King (1805), a title afterward confirmed by the treaties of 1814 and 1815. King Maximilian I. was succeeded by his son, Ludwig (or Louis) I., under whom various circumstances helped to quicken a desire for political change. Reform being refused, tumults arose in 1848, and Ludwig resigned in favor of his son, Maximilian II., under whom certain modifications of the constitution were carried out. At his death in 1864, he was succeeded by Ludwig II. In the war of 1866, Bavaria sided with Austria, and was compelled to cede a small portion of its territory to Prussia, and to pay a war indemnity of $12,500,000. Soon after, Bavaria entered into an alliance with Prussia, and in 1867 joined the Zollverein. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, the Bavarians took a prominent part, and it was at the request of the King of Bavaria, on behalf of all the other princes and the Senates of the free cities of Germany, that the King of Prussia agreed to accept the title of Emperor of Germany. Since January, 1871, Bavaria has been a part of the German BAXTER Empire. The eccentricity early displayed by Ludwig II. developed to such an extent that in June, 1886, he was placed under control, and a regency established under Prince Luitpold. The change was almost immediately followed by the suicide of the King, and as Prince Otto, the brother and heir of the late King, was insane, his uncle Luitpold became regent. His son Louis succeeded him December, 1912, and was proclaimed King as Ludwig III. in 1913.
In November, 1918, a revolutionary uprising forced Ludwig to abdicate and Bavaria became a r republic.