Broom Tops
the fresh and dried minor). consisting of a pint of distilled water to an ounce of the dried tops, and the juice (succus scoparii), made of three ounces of the fresh expressed juice to a pint of rectified spirits. They are valuan ounce of the dried tops, and the juice (succus scoparii), made of three dropsies. Scoparine and sparteia are the two active principles; the action of sparteia is analogous to that of conia. able diuretics, especially in cardiac times used in Scotland, made by pouring boiling water, milk, or the liquor in which meat has been boiled, on oatmeal, and mixing the ingredients by immeand sweet milk when the brose is made with water. It is kail brose, water brose, or beef brose, according to the liquid used. Athole brose, a famous Highland and sweet milk when the brose is made with water. It is kail brose, water brose, or beef brose, according to the liquid cordial, is a compound of honey and used. Athole brose, a famous Highland whiskey.
The bridge-building the Middle Ages. Such brotherhoods or societies instituted for pious and benevolent purposes, and were numerous in the Rosary; in later times, that of the Sacred and Immaculate Heart of Mary, those of Mary, of the Scapular, and of the Rosary; in later times, that of the Sacred and Immaculate Heart of Mary, Francis Xavier, or the Mission Brotherfor the conversion of sinners, that of (Fréres Ignorantins) for the education hood, and that of Christian Learning brotherhood (Fratres Pontifices) orig of the people. inated in southern France toward the nized by Pope Clement in 1189. Their occupation was to keep up hospices at occupation tion was to keep up hospices at the most frequented fords of great rivers, Other brotherhoods were the Familiars maintain ferries and build bridges. north Germany and the Netherlands. The Spain, and the Fratres Calendarii in (born 1340; died 1384) and Florentius great Brotherhood of Common Life was Radewin (born 1350; died 1400) at Deventer. Its members were sometimes styled Brethren of Good Will, also Hier- onymites and Gregorians, from Hieronyventer. Its members were as patrons. Community of onymites and Gregorians, from Hieronymus and Gregory the Great, whom they claimed as patrons. Community of claimed goods, ascetic habits, industry, and the use of the vernacular language in divine service, were some of the chief points insisted on by the brethren, who were not fettered by monastic or any other the copying of the Bible and other books vows. Their principal occupations were for the common purse, prayer and the instruction of the young, and their services in the last direction can hardly be overestimated. Their most famous houses were those of Windesheim, near Deventer, vices in the last direction can hardly be and Agnetenberg, near Zwolle. They besometimes came numerous in the Netherlands and selves in Italy, Sicily, and Portugal, so north Germany, but also spread themthat in 1430 they reckoned more than Cambrai in 1505. The most important 130 societies. The last was founded in were Gerhard Zerbold of Zutphen, the and distinguished members of the society famous Thomas à Kempis, and the learned Cardinal Nicholas Cusa. Female societies of a similar character sprung up at the same time with those of the Brothers of Common Life. Even BROTHERS BROUGHTON within the Protestant Churches, single their collected edition (11 vols., 1855brotherhoods have been formed, as the 1861) cover a vast number and variety Rauhes Haus, founded by Wichern at of subjects. His best works are his Hamburg in 1833. Several similar institutions for women exist within the Church of England. See SISTERHOODS.