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Burma (SIAM STRAITS SETTLEMENTS)

SIAM, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AND Kweilin Yung-chang C Tien-sch Chingkiang Liuchau Kwangnan Nimpa Jade Mines Marapoon Tuku Pum Malin Myitkyina 11,192 Shwedwin Mogaung Talaw Sinbo Maingwe Mansi Moda Katha Wuntho Pintha Tiddim Kalemyo Mukadau Mingin Wuntho Pintha Bhamo Salwin Shwegu Muong Mâu Kunlong Namkham Tigyaing Hsein Papienk TROPIC OF CANCER Kunlong M.Mao UPPER Tangon Lungleh Yeu Chittagong Blue Mt. 5600 KUTABDIA 5600 Maskhal Ramoa Elephant Pt.

Palekwa Mungdu SHAHPUR ST. MARTIN IS Rassedong Akyab WEST BORONGO Kul b Haka Hsipaw Lashio M.Mad Lom Mogok Hsipaw Gokteik NORTHERN Mayanyo Mansani MANDALAY Shwelo Alor againg O BURM. MA Monywa Khungchu Victoria Pakokku Mrohaung Mt.

Myingyan Lawk Sawk Na Lawt Keng-hung Muong Yang SHAN STATES YauoPagan Meiktila Toungyi abyMt. Popa Veowah Salin Thazi 4851 Toungd wen Minbu Magwe Hunter B Combermere Kyauk-pyn RAMRI I.

Cheduba CHEDUBA Talak An Minchla Taindah Legya M.You Sumao Malungk Nam. Sip-son M.Hodo Mongtse Bao-lac Cao-bang Taipin Bac-ka Mt/Babe Lao-Kare Vinthuy Muong Laidon 6560 Dong-Dang OKI Langson Van-bu CM.Wag-chau-that M. Theng Sing Koun ko M. Luong Keng-tung Takao Ker kheng Muong Pu Limo Muong Hsai Hong-luk Kiang-kheng Pak-ben That Stedman Muong Nai YamethinOUTHERN Samka Mawkmal Meaday Thayetmyo Taungup S rome Sandoway Pyinmana Swang-ngu Tay Pazaung Shwedaung Mt. Sawsiso Paungdeh Letpadan Kintalee Tharawadio Zi-gon 8628 X.Sen Muong Pan WEST Papun Deikuo Shwegy Sutang Thaton Gon Hanzada Pegu 3 Kyaung-tac B A Y Nyaung-aun Bassein Myaung-mya Dalhousie Trawan K.Hai M.Tern M.Ngai Prayao Kiangmal Mt.Intanon Malulong M.Pon M.Lang MiNang Nakau M.Sa Luang Song-b Tuyen-quang Sontay Baominh binh HAWOT Haifong M. Het Hoa-binh Lor PM.Soj San Ph Luang9010 Prabang Pakmon Nam-dinh Song-ka Ninh-bình 19/(Red R.) Ba lat Santai Thanh-hoa Kwang-kuong Vinh P.Qui-chu Khouang Louang Pk.

TRÀN-NINH 6528 Toum Pk. ale M.Koung khom Borikan M.Liep Lampun M. Hin Palaz Lakhon MaHaut Tun Martaba Pre taradit Tarn Na M.Sakotaip nheng RANGOON Maulmain Kampang Thong wa Phya pon BILUGYUN of the Irawadi Gulf of Martaban Nearais Kyonglong Mouths of Preparis North Channei Preparis North Channel 15 0 F Preparis South Channel GR. COCO LIT. COCO, Coco Channel LANDFALL 1.

NARCONDAM S Saddle PkPt. Cornwallis B E N N 4 10 5 5° MIDDLE ANDAMAN Pt. Andaman Ye Altaran Amherst DELPHIN NOSE Heanzay B MOSCOS IS. 5292 Nong-khay Nong-khay X. Khạn ma keng Outhen Deua-ma-keng Loeul None han Lakhon M. Pitschal Kumpu-wapi Bakhon-lakhom M.Pitsanulok Lome HON-ME Wuchau S Kiang Nanning Lienchau Kauchau Moncay Pt. Wallut GULF OF GULF OF Leichau str..

NIGHTINGALE 1. Hainan TONKIN P.Dien Vinh Vuong Har.

Ha-tinh kheut Kiung-chau A CHAINANE Yaickau P. Ha-tanh Chosorol P.Cho-don 6560 Panon Savanaket Quang-binh TIGER 1.

Lai-thuy Quang-tri Thuan-an C.Bastion Churray Bay Hue Tourane A Calassim Mang dahanong khon Atouat Pk.

Na muc-dahan M.Suvanapum M.Suvanapumar.lot-so-ton Tia-tuo M.Petschabun Nakon Sawan Bua Sum M.Pimai Mt.MM.Pak-nam-po Nakon Sawan M.Manorom M.Chainat PTS M.Pr Conpo M.Supane Meta Myo Mt.Nw C.Tavoy 05042 PA Lopburi M.Sara-buri 4192 Avuthia Bang-pa-in Mang Kan-buri Bot-buril Myeng-mo-let-khat Meklon 6987 Peenbo Petscin buri NORTH ANDAMAN TAVOY G A L CABOOSAD TENASSERIM 1.0 TENASSERIM 1.0 MERGUI BENTINCKS 1 ARCH. DOMEL KISSERAIN BARREN I.

SOUTH ANDAMAN Pt. Blair SOUTH ANDAMAN Duncan Str. (Gt. Brit.) NDAMA A LIT. ANDAMAN Ten Degree Strait KAR NIKOBAR BATTI MALVE Ο TERESSA KATCHALL 7 TILLANGSHONG CAMORTA NANKAURI Sombrero Str.

LIT.NIKOBAR R (Gt. Brito) s.

SUB. TEL.

GREAT NIKOBAR 4192 Pekin Nam Mun Kahin Batong Petriu Panat Bang pla-soi Sanka M.Chonkan M. Ciom M. Ubon M.Det Sapat Pak-moun Pou Jong M.Saravan Kam-tong-noi20009 ramy Lagree PHO CU-LAO-CHAM Quang-nam Ho-dong Quang-ngai Mo-duc Wanchau M.Det Ba Bassac Monong M.Attopea Mt. Copra Binh-chuong Khong Khon M. Melouprey Sisophon Siem-reap Roluos L. Ronle Kg.Thom Pursat Kompong Chenang Battambang Moung C.Liant SAMIT Shantab Kuei Maw-daung P OWEN CLARAD SULLIVAN LOUGHBOROUGH HECKFORD BK.

BIRDSNEST IS.

CHANCE 1.৫ PA-TONG.

Lenya Pakchan CHANCE 1.8 SAYER IS.

TO MADRAS INDIAN OCEAN Bengalen Str.

Achi (Kota Radja 50 SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 200 100 300 SCALE OF KILOMETERS Important towns are shown in heavy face type Sub. Tel.

Railways Important towns are shown in heavy face type S Khaw-Lwung 4327 Bang-tapan C.Chong-pra Putiu G Chumpon 1STHMUS OF KRAW TAU ekong Kontouno Ta-li ban Sambor B.Don Samboc Kraitié CAMBOMIA Mt.Pan Oudong 3200 Thông Chelong / PNUM PENH Ba-nam Krai CHANG KOH KUT M.Soton KOH KONG Kg Speu Sre-umbel Ba-nam Chau doc Ha-tien Rach-gia PULO DAMA C.Samit Compong-som TANG ULF Lang-suon Tau Passage OF PULO WAY Mt. Sema Cha-ja PENNAN Bandon SAMUIE Northeast Pt.S Bandon M. Takua pa Paklan Khao Luong Ligor, Takuatung PUKET, SALANG 1.PANDJANG Puket TINGEING LANTAR Tara MOHEA, LEBONG I Nakon Sitamarat Palean TERUTAU BUTANG IS..

PERA MALAK Meulaboh -Diamond Pt.

Samalanga M 95° Tarumun A Medan (Lakon) Seheh Patalung Patalung Chana Mt.Jeral Kobatani dering + BKampot PHU QUOC PULO PANJANG, M A LOSIN ring Baru Rahman Saiburi KEDA PROV.WELLESLEY PERA (Penang) PR.OF WALES Deli K Kelantan C Djambra H Phu-My Binh-dinh C.Santo Phu-Yen Tay-hoa Tam-phong-son C.Varella B. Metlalot Hon-coe B.

Darlac Nha-trang Cam-ranh B.

Khan hoa Dong-kia Djiring Mt Nui-bang-thoum 6904 Phan-rang C.Padaran Phan tiet (SAIGON Phan tiet Color Baria 2 20 3 PARACEL IS & REEFS H SUB. TEL. TO TO N HONG KONG A I PO.CECIR DE MER C.Kega PO CECIR DE MER C.Ba-ke Kho C.St.Jacques CATWICK SAPATOU Mouths of the Mekong Bassac FL c-traULO Bac-lieu Cua-lon Takmao C.Cambodia ta Baru PERHENTIAN IS.

Tomoh KELANTAN Mt Karbu Mt.Tahang Georgetown (Penang) Tg. Bale Toba BANJAK IS. o Singkel Balige Longitude DINDINGS!

Lumut Tpoh Ka.Goyah 9840 PULO OBI HULL ROYALIST BK, ROYALIST Bк, GR.REDANG Tringanu Tingeran TENG-GOL C.Labuan Kemaman C.Gelang PAHANG Pahang R.

Pekan JUMAN Tapan Ka. Lipis DINDINGS Telok A S Ka. Kubu Ka. Lumpur Mt. Temuan Klang SETTLEMENTS D TR Pt. Dicksono Tangat o Soremban 100° East Malakka Mt.Ophir RUPAT Mahara BROTHERS CONDOR Η JULIA BK.

BANDA PR.CONSORT BK.

SCAWFELL CHARLOTTE BK. 0 PROJECTED CABLE U VANGUARD BK.

NORTH NATUNA IS.

SELUAN NORTH NATUNA BUNGURAN (GREAT NATUNA) MATA SIANTAN ANAMBAS IS.

JEMADJARIABU SETTLEMENTS BAUA REPON Mt.Blumut 3280 Kota Tings na 15% from Romania SINGAPORE Singapore RIOU ARCH.

BINTANG RITTAN MIDAI SUBI IS.

SOUTH NATUNA IS.

SERASAN ST.P'ERRE Api Passage C.Datu Do E Greenwich 15 4 90° Copyright. L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 BURMA over 800 miles. In their lower courses the rivers often overflow their banks in the rainy season. Though its resources are almost entirely undeveloped, the country, as a whole, is productive, especially in the lower portions. Here grow rice, sugar cane , tobacco, cotton, BURMA amber, and jade are also obtained.

Among wild animals are the elephant, leopard, deer of various kinds, and the wild hog. Among domestic animals are the ox, buffalo, horse, and elephant.

The rivers abound with fish. The most common fruits are indigo, etc. Cotton is grown almost the guava, custard apple; tamarind, with fish. The most common fruits are الله M TEMPLE OF THREE HUNDRED LIONS AT SAGAING, BURMA everywhere; tea is cultivated in many of the more elevated parts. The forests produce timber of many sorts, including teak, which grows most luxuriantly, and is largely exported. Ironwood is another valuable timber ; and among forest products are also the ucts are also the bamboo, cutch, sticklac, Burma has great mineral wealth-gold, silver, precious stones, iron, marble, lead, tin, coal, petroleum, etc.; but these resources have not yet been much developed. The chief precious stone is the ruby, and the mines of this gem belong to the crown. Sapphire, pine, orange, banana, jack, and mango.

The yam and sweet potato are cultivated, and in some vated, and in some parts the common po- , of course, varies according to elevation and other circumstances, but, as a whole, is warm, though not unhealthful, except in low, The rainfall among the mountains reaches as high as 190 inches per annum. 12,000,000, made up of a great variety The population may be stated at about of races besides the Burmese proper, as , Karens, etc. The Bur- BURMA mese proper are of a brown color, with lank, black hair (seldom any on the face), and have active, vigorous, wellproportioned frames. They are a cheerful, lively people, fond of amusement, averse to continuous exertion, free from prejudice of caste or creed, temperate and hardy. The predominant religion is Buddhism. Missionaries are active in their efforts, but the Christian faith has not yet made much progress in the country. Polygamy is permitted by Buddhist law, but is rare, and is considered as not altogether respectable. Divorce is easily BURMA from India) are more or less circular.

There is a considerable literature.

Burma is now divided into Lower Burma and Upper Burma, the former till 1886 being called British Burma, while the latter till that date was an independent kingdom or empire. Lower Burma was acquired from Independent Burma in 1826 and 1852 as the result of two wars terminating in favor of Great Britain. It comprises the divisions of Aracan, Pegu, Irrawaddy, and Tenasserim; area, 87,473 square miles; pop. about 3,000,000. Under British rule ١١٧١ ہے A VILLAGE IN BURMA obtained. Women in Burma occupy a much freer and happier position than they do in Indian social life. They go about freely, manage the household, and make successful women of business, conducting not merely retail trades but also large wholesale concerns. Education is very general, one of the chief occupations of the monks in the numerous monasteries being the teaching of boys to read and write. Many of these monastic schools are under government inspection. The Burmese are skillful weavers, smiths, sculptors, workers in gold and silver, joiners, etc. The ordinary buildings are of a very slight construction, chiefly of timber or bamboo raised on posts; but the religious edifices are in many cases imposing, though the material is but brick. Carving and gilding are features of their architecture. The Burmese language is monosyllabic, like Chinese, and is written with an alphabet the characters of which (derived it has prospered greatly, the population and trade having increased immensely, there being regularly a large surplus revenue. Roads, canals, and railways have been constructed and other public works carried out, as also public buildings erected. The total foreign trade is valued at over $120,000,000. The chief city and port is Rangoon, which is now connected by railway with Mandalay in Upper Burma.

The government is administered by a lieutenant-governor, and a legislative council of 19 members.

The Burmese Empire is of little note in ancient or general history. Since the 16th century the Burmese proper have mostly been the predominant race, and ruled the Peguans, Karens, etc., throughout the country. The capital has at different times been at Ava, Pegu, Prome, or elsewhere. In the latter half of the 18th century the Burmese Emperors began a series of wars of conquest with brought them into contact with the Brit- they greatly enlarged the Empire. This treatment of them imaginative and China, Siam, and Assam, through which treatment of them imaginative and they greatly enlarged the Empire. This brought them into contact with the British, and, in 1824, war was declared against them on account of their encroachments on British territory and the British. Peace continued for some war terminated in the cession of the tility were committed by the Burmese, the British. Peace continued for some years, but latterly various acts of hostility were committed by the Burmese, the end of which the British possessions ish subjects occasioned a second war, at the end of which the British possessions were extended to include the whole of Pegu. The third and last war occurred The result was that Upper Burma was annexed to the British Empire by proc- The result was that Upper Burma was annexed to the British Empire by proclamation of the Viceroy of India, Jan. 1, 1886. The area thus annexed was about 200,000 square miles, of which half belonged to the Kingdom proper, and half to the semi-independent Shan states.

VUS, an English descriptive writer, born in Bedford, March 3, 1842. He served in the Royal Horse Guards, in which he became lieutenant-colonel in 1881. In 1875 he made his famous ride to Khiva -a journey that presented great diffi- Turkey and Persia. Of both these jour- Turkey and Persia. Of both these journeys he published narratives. He was slain in the battle of Abu-Klea, Jan. 17, 1885. an English author and dramatist, born