Castelnau
ÉDOUARD DE CURI- ÈRES DE, a French military officer studying at the military school at St. tely applied for a commission born at St. Afrique in 1851. He was and served through the war, rising to Cyr, which he had entered in 1869, when the rank of captain. Later he rose the Franco-Prussian War broke out. He through the various grades of the servimmediately ice, became general in 1906, and when General Joffre was designated as comhe commanded mander-in-chief in case of war (1913), the Army of Lorraine, and was charged the outbreak of the war, the Army of Lorraine, and was charged Paris," and the Bavarian army under 6 to 12, 1914, a tremendous battle raged for the possession of the city, which was regarded as the "Gate to Paris," and the Bavarian army under Crown Prince Rupprecht was defeated.
Castelnau was hailed as the "Savior of Nancy." In 1915 he was in charge of the French offensive in the Champagne, and in 1918 when the armistice was signed he was preparing, jointly with General Pershing, for a great attack upon Metz. upon Metz. dom of Spain, the nucleus of the Spanish monarchy, extends over a large part of the peninsula from the Bay of Biscay southward. It is divided into New Casmiles. It is traversed from E. to W. by tile and Old Castile. The former (Castilla la Nueva) occupies nearly the center three lofty mountain chains nearly of the peninsula; area, 28,010 square Between these chains, which form the miles. It is traversed from E. to W. by darrama, the mountains of Toledo, and、 Dryness, indeed, is the Sierra Molina, and the Sierra Morena. without wood, and arid and barren in great watersheds of the province, lie two curse of the whole country, and there is extensive plains or plateaux, almost a great deficiency of method alike in agriculture and industries. The inhabitappearance. with much of the old Spanish pride and a great deficiency of method alike in agriculture and industries. The inhabitprobity, but devoid of enterprise, and content to live on from day to day as CASTILLON their fathers did before them. This ancient province now forms the five provinces of Madrid, Ciudad-Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo. Pop. about 2,400,000.
Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja) stretches from the Bay of Biscay to New Castile; area, 25,405 square miles. It is traversed by three mountain chains the Sierra de Guadarrama, the Sierra de Deza, and the Cantabrian Mountains. It is less dry than New Castile, and grain, particularly wheat, is raised in great abundance. The pastures both of the mountains and the plains are excellent, and much merino wool is produced. Old Castile now forms the provinces of Burgos, Logroño, Santander, Soria, Segovia, Avila, Palencia, and Valladolid. Pop. about 1,900,000.
Spa, CASTILLON (käs-tē-yôn'), ), a town in the French department of Gironde, on the right bank of the Dordogne, 33 miles E. of Bordeaux by rail. Beneath its walls, on June 13, 1453, the English met with a signal defeat, their leader, Earl Talbot of Shrewsbury, and his son, being slain. Part of the battle is described in the fourth act of Shakespeare's "King Henry VI., Part I." Pop. about 3,500.
CASTLEREAGH sisted of several courts, and contained the barracks, magazines, well, a chapel, and sometimes even a monastery. The keep was a species of internal castle, more strongly defended than any other portion of the fortress, and placed in the most advantageous position, so as to afford a last chance to the garrison when driven from the external works. As the keep had the same design as the castle itself, it contained most of its appliances, even to a chapel, when large and complete. The keep was also called the dungeon or donjon.