Census
a periodical enumeration of the people of any state or country, with information regarding sex, age, family, occupation, possessions, religious beliefs, and other details. The original idea of counting the people was for the sake of obtaining the greatest number of men capable of bearing arms, and, secondly, of facilitating the raising of taxes.
Such enumerations go back to a remote antiquity. Amasis in Egypt made a census 500 years before Christ. The first chapter of "Numbers" chronicles enumeration of the Children of Israel for military purposes. King David numbered the people, and it is said that it was contrary to the will of the Lord, and consequently was punished by a plague which carried off 50,000 people (see Book of Kings). Solon at Athens established a census for the purpose of facilitating taxation and classifying the citizens. It is stated that after the time of Servius Tullius, or about 443 B. C., the census was taken every five years for military and tax purposes in Rome. The especial officers who served in this work were called censors. The property of the Roman citizens was registered by means of a census taken under Augustus. It is said that during the Middle Ages religious prejudices prevented the census from being taken, but various cities made attempts at different times to register the number of inhabitants. Thus Nuremberg held an enumeration in 1449 and Strasburg in 1475. Many of the details of these medieval censuses are valuable as showing the property qualifications and other facts regarding life at this time. The ancient church books also contain interesting details regarding marriages, births, and deaths of citizens.
In the 18th century censuses began to be made in the more important countries of Europe. Thus in Sweden , in 1748, the first important enumeration of the people took place in 1749, and a special board for that purpose was called into life. Regular censuses were first established in the United States in 1790, in England and France in 1801, in Prussia in 1816, in Holland in 1819, in Sardinia in 1838, in Switzerland in 1841, and in Belgium in 1846. Censuses are now taken in Austria, Belgium, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Switzerland, the United States of America, India, and most of the British colonies, every ten years; in France and Germany, every five years; in Spain, at irregular intervals, the last having been in 1900. The International Statistical Congress, which CENSUS consists of eminent statisticians from all countries, has done much to improve the taking of censuses, and now several countries, such as Austria, Belgium, Italy, Prussia, Russia, and Switzerland, have statistical bureaus for the purpose, among other things, of controlling the taking of the periodical census. In the United Kingdom the practice is for Parliament to pass special acts directing the taking of each census.
The United States Census of 1910 had as its head Edward Dana Durand, who enlisted more than 71,400 employes . The local enumerators, on June 1, began to gather the required information by going through the country from house to house, and all the information was tabulated at Washington by more than 3,000 clerks.
In the enumeration of 1910 the territory of Hawaii and that of Porto Rico were included. It was required that the four principal reports, those on population, mortality, manufactures, and agriculture, should be published by July, 1912. The salaries of the 3,000 clerks amounted to nearly $3,000,000 a year, and the pay of the enumerators was more than $5,855,500, so that the total expenses of the Census of 1910 amounted to nearly $15,000,000.
Census of 1920. The Fourteenth De. cennial Census was of the date of Jan. 1, 1920. It included in its scope (1st) population; (2d) agriculture, including drainage and irrigation; (3d) manufaculation; (2d) agriculture, including turing; (4th) forestry and forest prodforest products; and (5th) mines, quarries, and oil and gas production. It is estimated that at least three years were required before all the subjects treated were completed. The cost of the census will be CENSUS approximately $20,500,000. Over 90,000 enumerators, besides special agents, clerks, and supervisors, were employed.
In 1925 a special census of manufactures will be taken and provision has been made for a biennial census of the products of manufacturing industries. The population census of continental United States was completed on Oct. 7, 1920. The population of the United States, as a result of the census, was found to be 105,683,108, compared with 91,972,266 for 1910, and 75,994,575 for 1900. The percentage of increase in the decade was 14.0 per cent., compared with an increase in the previous decade of 21 per cent. The large falling off in the growth of the country as a whole as shown by these figures was due chiefly to an almost complete cessation of immigration for more than five years preceding the taking of the census in January, 1920. In some degree the rethe result is also due to the epidemic of influenza in 1919 and to the casualties resulting from the World War. The census indicated that the trend of the population from the country to the city had become greatly accentuated since 1910, and that for the first time in the history of the country more than one-half of the population in 1920 lived in urban territory as defined by the census bureau. 51.9 per cent. lived in incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants co and more, and 48.1 per cent. in rural territory. The urban population increased in the decade 28.6 per cent., and the rural population 3.1 per cent.
The following table gives the population of cities of 25,000 and over , according to the census of 1920:
Per Cent. of Increase Cities Population 1920 1910 1910-1920 1900-1910 Akron, O.. .. 208,435 69,067 201.8 61.6 Alameda, Cal. .. 28,806 23,383 23.2 42.0 Albany, N. Y.. 113,344 100,253 13.1 6.5 Allentown, Pa.... .. 73,502 51,913 41.6 46.6 Altoona, Pa... .. 60,331 52,127 15.7 33.8 Amsterdam, N. Y. .. 33,524 31,267 7.2 49.4 Anderson, Ind. .. 29,767 22,476 32.4 11.4 Asheville, N. C....... 28,504 18,762 51.9 27.7 Atlanta, Ga..... 200,616 154,839 29.6 72.3 Auburn, N. Y.....
Atlantic City, N. J... 50,707 46,150 9.8 65.8 .... 36,192 34,668 4.4 14.2 Augusta, Ga... .. 52,548 41,040 28.0 4.1 Aurora, Ill... 36,397 29,807 22.1 23.4 Austin, Tex... ..... .. 34,876 29,860 16.8 34.2 Baltimore, Md......... .. 733,826 558,485 31.4 9.7 Bangor, Me... 25,978 24,803 4.7 13.5 Battle Creek, Mich... 36,164 25,267 Bay City, Mich. 47,554 45,166 Bayonne, N. J. 76,754 55,545 Beaumont, Tex.. 40,422 20,640 26-Vol. II-Cyc CENSUS CENSUS Cities Population Per Cent. of Increase Bellingham, Wash. 25,585 24,298 Berkeley, Cal... 56,036 40,434 Bethlehem, Pa.... 50,358 12,837 292.3 19.3 Binghamton, N. Y. 66,800 48,443 37.9 22.2 Birmingham, Ala.. 178,806 132,685 34.4 245.4 Bloomington, Ill 28,725 25,768 11.5 10.7 Boston, Mass..... 748,060 670,585 11.6 19.6 Bridgeport, Conn.... 143,555 102,054 40.6 43.7 Brockton, Mass.. 66,254 56,878 16.3 42.0 Buffalo, N. Y.....
Brookline, Mass.... 37,748 27,792 35.8 39.4 506,775 423,715 19.6 20.2 Butte, Mont....
Cambridge, Mass. 41,611 39,165 6.2 28.5 109,694 104,839 4.6 14.1 Camden, N. J..... 116,309 94,538 23.0 24.5 Canton, O.... ... 87,091 50,217 73.4 63.7 Cedar Rapids, Ia.
Charleston, S. C...
Charleston, W. Va. .. 45,566 32,811 38.9 27.9 ... 67,957 58,833 15.5 5.4 39,608 22,996 72.2 107.2 Charlotte, N. C... 46,338 34,014 36.2 88.0 Chattanooga, Tenn. .. 57,895 44,604 29.8 47.9 Chelsea, Mass...... .. 43,184 32,452 33.1 -4.8 Chester, Pa.... 58,030 38,537 50.6 13.4 Chicago, Ill... • 2,701,705 2,185,283 23.6 28.7 Chicopee, Mass.. 36,214 25,401 42.6 32.5 Cicero (town), Ill.... 44,995 14,557 209.1 -10.7 Cincinnati, O.. 401,247 363,591 10.4 11.6 Clarksburg, W. Va.....
Cleveland, O.. 27,869 9,201 202.9 127.2 Clifton, N. J.... 796,841 560,663 42.1 46.9 26,470 11,869 123.0 121.8 Colorado Springs, Col. 30,105 29,078 3.5 37.9 Columbia, S. C...... 37,524 26,319 42.6 24.7 Columbus, Ga.. ... 31,125 20,554 51.4 16.7 Columbus, O... .. 237,031 181,511 30.6 44.6 Council Bluffs, Ia.... 36,162 29,292 23.5 13.5 Covington, Ky.......
Cranston, R. I... 57,121 53,270 7.2 24.1 ... 29,407 21,107 39.3 58.2 Cumberland, Md....
Dallas, Tex.
Danville, Ill..
Davenport, Ia...
Dayton, O...
Decatur, Ill...
Denver, Colo.
Des Moines, Ia....
Detroit, Mich.
Dubuque, Ia..
Duluth, Minn.
East Chicago, Ind.
East Cleveland, O. .. 29,837 21,839 36.6 27.5 ..... 158,976 92,104 72.6 116.0 ... 33,776 27,871 21.1 70.4 .. 56,727 43,028 31.8 22.1 152,559 116,577 30.9 36.6 43,818 31140 31,140 40.7 50.0 256,491 213,381 20.1 59.4 126,468 86,368 46.4 39.0 993,678 465,766 113.4 63.0 39,141 38,494 1.7 6.1 98,917 78,466 26.1 48.1 35,967 19,098 88.3 459.9 27,292 9,179 197.3 232.9 Easton, Pa....
East Orange, N. J.
East St. Louis, Ill. 33,813 28,523 18.5 13.0 ... 50,710 34,371 47.5 59.8 66,767 58.547 14.0 97.4 Elgin, Ill... 27,454 25,976 5.7 15.8 Elizabeth, N. J. 95,783 73,409 30.3 40.8 Elmira, N. Y. 45 393 37,176 21.9 4.2 El Paso, Tex.... 77,560 39,279 97.4 146.9 Erie, Pa... 93,372 66,525 40.4 26.2 Evanston, Ill.. 37,234 24,978 49.0 29.7 Evansville, Ind... 85,264 69,647 22.4 18.0 Everett, Mass. 40,120 33.484 19.8 37.6 Everett, Wash....... 27,644 24,814 Fall River, Mass... 120,485 119,295 Fitchburg, Mass. 41,029 37,826 Flint, Mich. 91,599 38,550 Fort Smith, Ark. 28,870 23,975 CENSUS CENSUS Cities Population Per Cent. of Increase Fort Wayne, Ind. 86,549 63,933 Hartford, Conn 106,482 73,312 Fresno, Cal. 45,086 24,892 79.2 99.6 Galveston, Tex. 44,255 36,981 19.7 -2.1 Gary, Ind. 55,378 16,802 229.6 ....
Grand Rapids, Mich. 137,634 112,571 22.3 28.6 Green Bay, Wis. 31,017 25,236 22.9 35.1 Hamilton, O..
Holyoke, Mass 28,064 16,507 70.0 21.5 39,675 35,279 12.5 47.5 Hammond, Ind. 36,004 20,925 72.1 69.1 Harrisburg, Pa.
Hamtramck (village), Mich.. 48,615 3,559 1,266.0 .... 75,917 64,186 18.3 27.9 Hartford, Conn. 138,036 98,915 39.6 23.9 Indianapolis, Ind Huntington, W. Va 53,884 44,115 22.1 18.7 Hazleton, Pa... 32,277 25,452 26.8 78.9 Jacksonville, Fla Jackson, Mich Highland Park, Mich. 46,499 4,120 1,028.6 864.9 68,166 70,324 -3.1 18.5 Holyoke, Mass. 60,203 57,730 4.3 26.3 Jamestown, N. Y 83,327 52,183 59.7 32.8 Houston, Tex.. 138,076 78,800 75.2 76.6 Huntington, W. Va. 50,177 31,161 61.0 161.4 Indianapolis, Ind. 314,194 233,650 34.5 38.1 Irvington, N. J. 25,480 11,877 114.5 126.0 Jackson, son. Mich 48,374 31,433 53.9 24.8 Kansas City, Kan Kalamazoo, Mich 91,558 57,699 58.7 103.0 Kansas City, Mo 38,917 31,297 24.3 36.7 Jersey City, N. J. 298,103 267,779 11.2 29.7 Johnstown, Pa. 67,327 55,482 21.3 54.4 Joliet, Ill.. 38,442 34,670 10.8 18.1 Joplin, Mo. 29,902 32,073 -6.9 23.2 Kingston, N. Y 48,487 39,437 23.9 61.6 Kansas City, Kan. 101,177 82,331 22.9 60.1 Kansas City, Mo. 324,410 248,381 30.6 51.7 La Crosse, Wis 26,724 18,659 43.2 71.2 Kenosha, Wis. 40,472 21,371 89.4 84.1 Kingston, N. Y. 26,688 25,908 3.0 5.6 Lansing, Mich Lancaster, Pa 77,818 36,346 114.1 11.4 Lawrence, Mass 30,067 17,010 76.8 60.3 La Crosse, Wis. 30,421 30,417 -0.2 5.3 Lakewood, O... 41,732 15,181 174.9 352.5 Lancaster, Pa. 53,150 47,227 12.5 13.9 Lansing, Mich. 57,327 31,229 83.6 89.4 Lawrence, Mass. 94,270 85,892 9.8 37.3 Lewiston, Me.. 31,791 26,247 21.1 10.5 Lexington, Ky. 41,534 35,099 18.3 33.1 Long Beach, Cal Little Rock, Ark 41,326 30,508 35.4 40.4 Lincoin, Neb. 54,948 43,973 24.9 9.5 Little Rock, Ark. 65,142 45,941 41.5 19.9 Long Beach, Cal. 55,593 17,809 212.2 690.8 Los Angeles, Cal 37,295 28,883 29.1 80.2 Los Angeles, Cal. 576,673 319,198 80.7 211.5 Louisville, Ky. 234,891 223,928 4.9 9.4 Lowell, Mass. 112,759 106,294 6.1 11.9 Lynchburg, Va. 30,070 29,494 1.6 56.1 Lynn, Mass. 99,148 89,336 11.0 30.4 McKeesport, Pa. 46,781 42,694 7.7 24.7 Macon, Ga.. 52,995 40,665 30.3 74.7 Madison, Wis.... 38,378 25,531 50.3 33.2 Malden, Mass. 49,103 44,404 10.6 31.9 Manchester, N. Η. 78,384 70,063 11.9 22.9 Mansfield, O.. 27,824 20,768 Marion, O... 27,891 18,232 Medford, Mass. 39,038 23,150 Memphis, Tenn... 162,351 131,105 Meriden, Conn... 34,764 27,265 CENSUS CENSUS Cities Population Per Cent. of Increase Miami, Fla...... 29,571 5,471 Milwaukee, Wis. 457,147 373,857 Minneapolis, Minn. 380,582 301,408 26.3 48.7 Mobile, Ala.. 60,777 51,521 16.8 33.9 Moline, Ill.. 30,734 24,199 26.9 40.3 Montclair, N. J.. 28,810 21,550 33.7 54.3 Montgomery, Ala 43,464 38,136 14.0 25.7 Mt. Vernon, N. Y... 42,726 30,919 38.2 45.7 Muncie, Ind.... .. 36,524 24,005 52.2 14.6 Muskegon, Mich.
Muskogee, Okla. 36,570 24,062 52.0 15.6 30,277 25,278 19.8 494.2 Nashua, N. H Nashville, Tenn. 28,379 26,005 9.1 8.8 Newark, N. J..... 118,342 110,364 7.2 36.5 Newark, O... 414,524 347,469 19.2 41.2 New Bedford, Mass. 26,718 25,404 5.2 39.9 New Britain, Conn. 121,217 96,652 25.4 54.8 New Brunswick, N. J.. 59,316 43,916 35.1 68.9 Newburgh, N. Y...... 32,779 23,388 40.2 16.9 Newcastle, Pa..... 30,366 27,805 9.2 11.5 New Haven, Conn..... 44,938 36,280 23.9 28.0 133,605 21.6 23.7 New London, Conn..... 162,537 New Orleans, La.... 25,688 19,659 30.7 12.0 339,075 14.2 18.1 Newport, Ky. 387,219 30,309 -3.3 7.1 Newport, R. I.... 29,317 27,149 11.4 21.0 Newport News, Va.. 30,255 20,205 76.2 2.9 New Rochelle, N. Y. 35,596 28,826 25.4 96.1 Newton, Mass.. 36,213 39,806 15.7 18.5 New York, N. Y 46,054 Niagara Falls, N. Y. 5,620,048 4,766,883 17.9 38.7 Norfolk, Va... 50,760 30,445 66.7 56.5 Norristown, Pa...... 115,777 67,452 71.6 44.7 Norwalk, Conn.. 32,319 27,875 15.9 25.2 Norwich, Conn. 27,700 15,922 74.0 25.2 Oakland, Cal.. 29,685 28,219 5.2 14.5 Oak Park (village), Ill. 216,261 150,174 44.1 124.3 Ogden, Utah. 39,858 19,444 104.8 Oklahoma City, Okla. 32,804 25,580 28.2 56.8 Omaha, Neb. 91,295 64,205 42.1 539.7 Orange, N. J.. 191,601 191601 124,096 54.4 21.0 Oshkosh, Wis.. 33,268 29,630 12.3 22.7 Pasadena, Cal.
Passaic, N. J...
Paterson, N. J..
Pawtucket, R. I......
Pensacola, Fla.. 33,162 33,062 0.3 16.9 45,354 30,291 49.7 232.2 63,841 54,773 16.5 97.2 135,875 125,600 8.2 19.4 64,248 51,622 24.5 31.6 Perth Amboy, N. J...
Petersburg, Va....
Philadelphia, Pa.... 31,035 22,982 99.999 35.0 29.5 41,707 32,121 29.8 81.5 31,012 24,127 28.5 10.6 • 1,823,779 1,549,008 17.7 19.7 Phoenix, Ariz... 29,053 11,134 160.9 100.8 Pittsburgh, Pa. 588,343 533,905 10.2 18.2 Pittsfield, Mass. 41,763 32,121 30.0 47.6 Plainfield, N. J. 27,700 20,550 34.8 33.7 Pontiac, Mich... 34,273 14,532 135.8 48.8 Port Huron, Mich... 25,944 18,863 37.5 -1.5 Portland, Me.. 69,272 58,571 18.3 16.8 Portland, Ore. 258,288 207,214 24.6 129.2 Portsmouth, O. 33,011 23,481 40.6 31.4 Portsmouth, Va Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 54,387 33,190 63.9 90.5 35,000 27,936 Providence, R. I..... 237,031 224,326 Pueblo, Colo.. 43,050 44,395 Quincy, Ill... 35,978 36,587 Quincy, Mass..... 47,876 32,642 CENSUS CENSUS Cities Population Per Cent. of Increase Racine, Wis.. 58,593 38,002 Reading, Pa... 107,784 96,071 Revere, Mass.. 28,823 18,219 58.2 75.3 Richmond, Ind. 26,765 22,324 19.9 22.5 Richmond, Va.. 171,667 127,628 34.5 50.1 Roanoke, Va.. 50,842 34,874 45.8 62.2 Rochester, N. Y. 295,750 218,149 35.6 34.2 Rockford, Ill.. 65,651 45,401 44.6 46.2 Rock Island, Ill. 35,177 24,335 44.6 24.8 Rome, N. Y..... 26,341 20,497 28.5 33.6 Sacramento, Cal. 65,908 44,696 47.3 52.6 Saginaw, Mich. 61,903 50,510 22.6 19.3 St. Joseph, Mo....... 77,939 77,403 0.7 -24.8 St. Louis, Mo....
St. Paul, Minn 772,897 687,029 12.5 19.4 Salem, M 234,698 214,744 9.2 31.7 Mass.. 42,529 43,697 -2.7 21.5 Salt Lake City, Utah. 118,110 92,777 27.3 73.3 San Antonio, Tex. 161,379 96,614 67.0 81.2 San Diego, Cal. 74,683 39,578 88.7 123.6 San Francisco, Cal. 506,676 416,912 21.9 21.6 San Jose, Cal.. 39,642 28,946 36.8 34.6 Savannah, Ga.. 83,252 65,064 28.0 19.9 Schenectady, N. Y.... 72,826 21.8 129.9 88,723 Scranton, Pa..... 129,867 6.1 27.3 137,783 Seattle, Wash.. 237,194 33.1 194.0 Sheboygan, Wis. 315,312 Shreveport, La....... 30,955 26,398 17.3 15.0 28,015 56.6 75.0 Sioux City, Ia..... 43,874 47,828 48.9 44.4 Sioux Falls, S. D....... 71,227 14,094 78.6 37.3 Somerville, Mass..... 25,202 77,236 20.5 25.3 South Bend, Ind.... 93,091 53,684 32.2 49.1 Spokane, Wash. 70,983 104,402 183.3 104,437 Springfield, Ill. 51,678 14.5 51.3 ..... 59,183 Springfield, Mass... 88,926 45.7 43.3 ..
Springfield, Mo. 129,614 35,201 12.6 51.3 Springfield, Ο.. 39,631 46,921 29.7 22.7 Stamford, Conn. 60,840 28,836 39.6 57.1 Steubenville, O. 40,067 23,391 27.3 56.0 Stockton, Cal.. 28,508 23,253 73.3 32.8 Superior, Wis.. 40,296 40,384 -1.9 29.9 Syracuse, N. Y......... 39,671 137,249 25.1 26.6 Tampa, Fla.. 171,717 37,782 35.7 138.5 Tacoma, Wash.... 51,608 83,743 15.8 122.0 Taunton, Mass. 96,965 34,259 8.4 10.4 Terre Haute, Ind. 37,137 58,157 13.6 58.6 66,083 Toledo, O.. 168,497 44.3 27.8 243,164 Topeka, Kan. 50,022 43,684 14.5 30.0 Trenton, N. J... 119,289 96,815 23.2 32.1 Troy, N. Y. 72,013 76,813 -6.2 26.6 Tulsa, Okla. 72,075 18,182 296.4 1,208.1 Utica, N. Y. 94,156 74,419 26.5 32.0 Waco, Tex.... 38,500 26,425 45.7 27.7 Waltham, Mass...... 30,915 27,834 11.1 18.5 Warren, O... 27,050 11,081 144.1 29.9 Wat Waterbury, Conn Washington, D. C......... .. 437,571 331,069 32.2 18.8 91,715 73,141 25.0 59.5 Waterloo, Ia... 36,230 23,693 35.7 112.2 Watertown, N. Y. 31,285 26,730 17.0 23.2 West Hoboken, N. J.. 40,074 35,403 13.2 53.3 West New York (town), N. J. 29,926 13,560 Wheeling, W. Va... 56,208 41,641 Wichita, Kan.... 42,217 52,450 Wichita Falls, Tex..... 40,079 8,200 Wilkes-Barre, Pa.... 67,105 CENT CENTER Cities Population Per Cent. of Increase Williamsport, Pa.. 36,198 31,860 Wilmington, Del. 110,168 87,411 Wilmington, N. C.. 33,372 25,748 29.6 22.7 Winston-Salem, N. C.... 48,395 22,700 113.2 66.3 Woonsocket, R. I.... 43,496 38,125 14.1 35.2 Worcester, Mass... 179,754 145,986 23.1 23.3 Yonkers, N. Y.... 100,176 79,803 25.6 66.5 York, Pa.... 47,512 44,750 6.2 32.8 Zanesville, O....
Youngstown, 0 132,358 79,066 67.4 76.2 29,569 28,026 5.5 19.1