Chalmers
THOMAS, a Scotch clergyman, born in Anstruther, Fife, March 17, 1780. At the age of 12 he was sent from the parish school to the University of St. Andrews, and after studying there seven years, was licensed as a preacher in July, 1799. During the two following years he studied mathematics and chemistry in Edinburgh, and then became assistant professor of mathematics at St. Andrews. In 1803 he was presented to the parish of Kilmany, in Fife, where he made a high reputation as a preacher, which gradually spread throughout Scotland, and in 1815 he was inducted to the Tron Church of delivered there in the following winter CHAMBERLAIN Glasgow. His astronomical discourses able trade in Champagne wine, but its delivered there in the following winter produced a sensation not only in the city but throughout the country, 20,000 copies selling in the first year of their publication.
It was while pastor of this church that he developed his scheme for the reorganization of the parochial system with of the means of popular instruction, both destitute and outcast classes, his influence leading to a considerable extension of the means of popular instruction, both religious and secular. In 1819 he was transferred from the Tron to St. John's, a church built and endowed expressly for him by the Town Council of Glasof moral philosophy at St. Andrews. In overwork he accepted, in 1823, the chair of moral philosophy at St. Andrews. In 1827 he was elected to the divinity chair in the University of Edinburgh, an ap- Church in 1843. In 1832 he published till the Disruption from the Scottish his "Political Economy," and shortly Church in 1843. In 1832 he published his "Political Economy," and shortly afterward his "Bridgewater Treatise on the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man." During this period he was occupied with the subject of Church extension on the voluntary principle, but it was in the great non-intrusion movement in the Scottish Church that his name became most prominent.
Throughout the whole contest to the Disruption in 1843, he acted as the leader of the party that then separated from the Establishment, and may be regarded as the founder of the Free Church of Scotland, of the first assembly of which he was moderator. Hav- Church of Scotland, of the first asseming vacated his professional chair in the Edinburgh University, he was ap- ing vacated his professional chair in pointed principal and primarius professor of divinity in the new college of pointed principal and primarius prothe Free Church. In addition to his duties in these posts, he continued in Edinburgh his zealous labors for the duties in these posts, he continued in elevation of the "home-heathen," giving practical exemplification of his schemes by the establishment of a successful mission in the West Port. He a died in Morningside, Edinburgh, May cessful mission in the West Port. He schemes by the establishment of a suc- 31, 1847. dan CHÂLONS-SUR-MARNE (shäl-ôn' sür-märn), the capital of the French department of Marne, on the Marne river, 107 miles E. of Paris. An old place, with timber houses and many river, 107 miles E. of Paris. An old department of Marne, on the Marne place, with timber houses and many century, (1772), and a fine public park, though handsome hôtel-de-ville the Germans cut down its immemorial elms for fuel. It still does a considera manufacture of the worsted cloth known thing of the past and the population has dwindled from 60,000 in the 13th which takes its name from the Catalauni of Latin writers, the Romans and century to about 30,000. Near Châlons, Goths in 451 A. D. defeated Attila and his host of Huns. In 1856 Napoleon III. formed the celebrated camp of town. Hence, during the Franco-Prustown. Hence, during the Franco-Prussian war, on the night of Aug. 21, 1870, MacMahon withdrew his troops, and sian war, on the night of Aug. 21, 1870, next day the town was occupied by the Germans. The town was again in the fighting area during the WORLD WAR (q. v.).
CHALONS-SUR-SAÔNE (-son), ancient Cabillonum, a town in the French ent of Saône-et-Loire, 842 department miles N. of Lyons. Lying on the right department of Saône-et-Loire, 841/2 bank of the Saône, at the point where that river is joined by the Canal du Châlons has an extensive traffic with the central districts of France, as well that river is joined by the Canal du bank of the Saône, at the point where river, and the chief building is the as with the Mediterranean and Atlantic. Fine quays and houses line the tury.
Church of St. Vincent, 14th to 15th cen ing, and the manufacture of glass, The industries are copper and paper, hats, wine, chemicals, etc. It has iron founding, machinery and shipbuilding, and the manufacture of glass, iron founding, machinery and shipbuildneering Works. Pop. about 32,000. ceӕ. of plants belonging to the order Palmafrom its low growth. It is the most paper, hats, wine, chemicals, etc. It has northerly of the palm genera, and consists of 10 or 12 species. C. humilis ex- The dwarf fan palm, so called tends as far N, as Nice, and the leaves of it are used for making hats, brooms, and baskets, and for thatching purposes. tends as far N, as Nice, and the leaves hats and a waterproof cloth called So-e.
C. fortuni, a native of China, or the private apartments of a monarch or