Civilization
a condition consisting in what may be broadly called culture in a nation; and a nation may be considered as civilized when a large proportion of those belonging to it have their intellectual and moral faculties and all their higher nature in large measure developed and becoming increasingly so with the advance of years. Before this can take place, a considerable amount of material prosperity must have been achieved, between which and the culture already described there are continual action and reaction.
Regarding progression in material prosperity, certain ty, certain stages tend to occur: (1) a barbarous one, in which one feeds on roots, fruits, and fishes, when these last can be caught without effort; (2) the state of a hunter; (3) that of the shepherd, in which, to avoid the uncer- CIVIL SERVICE certainty of the result in hunting, wild animals are domesticated; (4) the agricultural state, and (5) that of manufactures and commerce. Regarding mental advance it has been maintained that nations necessarily passed through a theological, a metaphysical, and a positive or scientific stage.