Cleavage
the manner or direction in which substances regularly cleave or split split. The regular structure of most bodies becomes manifest as soon as they are broken. Each frag. ment presents the form of a small polyhedron, and the very dust appears under the der the microscope an assemblage of gan in 1871, when he was elected Deputy.
Clémenceau's long legislative career be- For a time he was Member and President 2-Vol. III-Cyc 2,263,056,000 the study of medicine. His republican 4,032,443,000 opinions led to his suspension from the 993,855,000 university, and it was not till after a 50,521,640,000 long interval, during which he visited the 5,104,301,000 able to return and obtain his diploma.
United States ( 1865-1869), that he was of the arrondissement of Montmartre, The next year he was chosen mayor Paris, and during the struggle with the Commune , acted as an intermediary between the revolutionists and the Government of the Republic.
CLEMENCEAU of the Municipal Council of Paris, but from 1876 to 1893, his service in the Chamber of Deputies was continuous.
There he took his place with the radicals of the extreme left, and rapidly rose to leadership. He was prominent in the overthrow of the ministries of Gambetta (1882), Ferry (1885), Brisson (1886) and Freycinet (1886). Boulanger also found in him a formidable opponent.
The Panama scandal of 1892 cast unfavorable reflections on Clémenceau and caused a vigorous and successful cam-
GEORGES B. E. CLÉMENCEAU paign to be waged against his re-election (1893). He then, for a few years, devoted himself entirely to journalism and the editorship of "La Justice," founded by him in 1880. Later (1900-1902) he published "Le Bloc," and after his election to the Senate (1902), edited "L'Aurore" (1903-1907), in which he had ardently supported the cause of Dreyfus. دو Later he became the editor of the newspaper, "L'Homme Libre." The destroyer of so many ministries consented for the first time to accept a portfolio in March, 1906, whence he beaccep came Minister of the Interior in the Sarrien Cabinet. In October of the same year he was called upon to form the ministry which was to be of such long duration. Starting with an anti-clerical and even socialistic platform, Clémenceau soon won other than radical votes by his CLEMENS firmness in upholding the powers of the Government against the demands of any of the classes of the people, as he showed in his handling of the troubles in the wine-growing districts and in the energetic measures he used to control matters during the mining and other strikes. At the same time he pushed the reforms that aimed at the relief of the working element of the population, such as the employers' liability law and the bill creating old age pensions. The downfall of his ministry occurred unexpectedly July 20, 1909, because of Clémenceau's personal attack on Delcassé, former Minister of Foreign Affairs. During the World War, he was an enthusiastic advocate of determined military action and an unsparing critic of timid policies on the part of the govern ment. He exposed the treason of Bolo Pasha, and in November, 1917, succeeded Painlevé as Premier. At that time Allied prospects were most discouraging, owing to the Russian defection and the preparations by the Germans for the great spring drive of 1918. But before long, Clémenceau's indomitable courage and magnificent energy had stimulated the national spirit and paved the way for the final victory. When the German cause finally collapsed, Clémenceau was chosen President of the Peace Conference. While the Conference was in progress, he was shot by an assassin, but the wounds he received were not fatal, and he himself intervened to prevent the death penalty being carried out upon his assailant. In 1920, he was a candidate for President, but withdrew his name before the election. Immediately afterward, Clémenceau started on a journey to Egypt and the Orient, and later went to India.
Clémenceau was the author of several books and plays, the most important of which are the following: "De la génération des éléments anatomiques"; "La mêlée sociale" (1894); "Le grand Pan" (1895); "Les massacres d'Arménie" (1896); "Les plus forts" (1898); "Au pied du Sinai" (1898); "L'iniquité" (1899); "Vers la réparation" (1899); "Contre la justice" (1900) (the last three republished from "L'Aurore," in defense of Dreyfus); "Au fil des jours" (1900); "Le voile du bonheur" (1901); "Aux embuscades de la vie" (1903); "La grande honte" (1903); "Figures de Vendée" (1903), etc.