Colorado
a State in the Western Division of the North American Union; bounded by Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Utah; gross area, 103,645 square miles; admitted to the Union, July 4, 1876; number of counties, sixty-three; population (1890) 412,198; (1900) 539,700; (1910) 799,024; (1920) 939,629; capital, Denver, Topography.- Colorado is very mountainous, being traversed by the Rocky Mountains, which extend over nearly the entire W. part of the State. The average altitude of the State is 7,000 feet, the lowest portion being 3,000 feet above the sea, and there are over 100 mountain peaks more than 13,000 feet high. The Sawatch or Saguache range, or COLORADO Great Divide, is a continuation of the Sierra Madre range of Mexico, and contains the peaks, Mt. Harvard, 14,375; Mt. Elbert, 14,420; and the Mountain of the Holy Cross, 14,175 feet. The Park Range joins this range in the N., highest points Torrey's Peak, 14,336 feet, and Gray's Peak, 14,341 feet. The Front Range contains Pike's Peak, 14,147 feet, and Evans, 14,330 feet, and is situated a little E. of the main ranges. In the S. are the Sangre de Cristo mountains, whose highest point is the summit of Blanca Peak, 14,363 feet. In the W. part are several lower ranges, running in a general N. W. and S. E. direction. The valleys are a distinguishing feature of the scenery, and are known as parks. San Luis is the largest and has an area of about 2,000 square miles, quite level, and at an average elevation of 7,500 feet. The few lakes in Colorado are small, but the Sanchez Reservoir, 5 miles S. of San Luis is 5 miles long by 1 mile wide. Colorado is the principal watershed in the Western States, many of the largest rivers having their origin here, among them the Platte, Colorado, San Miguel, Arkansas, and Rio Grande del Norte. Nearly all these rivers wind their way through rocky cañons, varying from one to 3,000 feet in depth. "Monument Park" and the "Garden of the Gods" have rock spires, rising above the meadow land, shaped like towers and pillars, caused by erosion.
Geology. The geology of Colorado is extremely complex, representing nearly every age from the Archæan onward. The great plateau-plains of the E. and part of the W. are largely cretaceous and tertiary. The mountainous regions represent the older formations: their mineralized strata have given rise to some of the greatest mining camps in the United States.
Soil, Climate, etc. - Colorado has about 15,000 square miles of fertile arable land, and about 70,000 square miles of grazing land. Most of the land will produce abundant crops under irrigation, which is now being ing carried on extensively, one irrigating canal having a length of 54 miles. The mountains are well covered with pine, spruce, and fir forests. The climate is very healthful and mild, and people suffering from pulmonary and asthmatic troubles find much relief here. There are various mineral springs, which are valuable for medicinal purposes. The hot sulphur springs in Middle Park and Wagon Wheel gap, and the hot, iron, and soda springs in Manitou are popular resorts. Mineral Production. - Colorado for many years was first among the States in the value of its mineral products. For 109° A 108° B 107° 106° 105° E 104° F 103° G 102° WYOMI W Green H Dragon T U ARIZ.
O-wi-yu-kuts Plateau Vermilion Bluffs 108° M Dry Mt.
Zenobia Pk.O Escalante Hills Bear Pk.
R Godiva Ridge Snake R Lily B Midland Ridge R White Angora Maybell Juniper AT Lay Axial Danforth Hil 6 Cedar Mt Craig NG Slater Hahns Peak Elk Head Mts County Towns Railroads Columbine Hahns Peak Whitehead PkClarke EK Head Deepcreck RO Bear UTT Bear Mt. Trull Milner Hayden R.
Eddy o Williams Riu. Mts. Dunkley Hamilton Thornburg Gray Hills Meeker 107° Douglas Cr.
Cathedral Bl Twin Buttes Roan or Atchee G Mack A Loma Mts.
L B Piceance Cr.
Sulphur R Highmore C Longitude 106° Book Cliff E Clifton Fruita Rhone Grand Junction West Cr.
Gateway C Rioblanco d F Grand Pagoda Pinnacle Sodd Harrison Pearl Zirkel Cowdrey Walden Range NORTH 0 Higho o Butler PARK Hebron COLORADO SCALE OF STATUTE MILES SCALE OF KILOMETERS 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Varginia Dale Boxelder Delta Glendevey St.Cloud Alford o Carr Gault Grover Livermore Dover Wellington Nunn Pierce Read o Home Laramie R MEDICIN-E-B-OW--RANG-E JACKSON Steamboat Sprs.
Sidney Oak Creek Lake Pyramid Yampa Pyramid Pk. Toponas White R.
White River Plateau ANC Buford Burro Mt.
Silt Rifle To Balzac Valley Mamm Pk. Raven 4 Cr.
Plateau Cy. Collbran Plateau Molina Vega S Mesa A Grand Mesa West D Cédaredge DELT Lavalley Tercio from X Fk.
Mt. Marvine Burns R EGERIA PARK Spicer Rand CONTINENTAL DIVIDE O Martin Grandlake MIDDLE PARK Dexter Troublesome remmling G Blue R DIVIDE Sheenhorn Lone Pk.
Mt.Powel Wolcott Avon New Castle Grand Dotsero Eagle Edwards ~ Eagle Gypsum EAG L Fulford Del Norte Center LSouthD Cardiff Red Table Holy Cross Mt.
Canon Sunlight Sopris Mt LUIS Carbondale Basalt Gulch Emma Snowmase Coalbasin Sierra Blanca 오 Meredith PARK Sellar LARIMER Stillwater Sulphur Springs Granby A ND Scholl Fraser Arrow Parlin Ohio Minturn Vega Laporte O Timnath Stouto Masonvilleo Windsoro Estes Park Somerset Park Ward Pinewood W Eatono Lovelard Milliken Lucerne Silt Greeley Pawnee Buttes NEBRASKA Sidney Peetz Avalo o Chapelle 41 Julesburg B {R.
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Hillrose Bryant Fremont Butte Akron Otis Yuma O Eckler Wray Laird N Gary YU M Vernon R Armelo Lansin St Francis Lindón Idalia Thurman Cope Arickaree Newton Deer Trail Cr.
S clairora Salem Englewood ARABAHOE Parker Schley Hilltop Elizabeth Folhurst Sedalia South Platte atte Castle Rock DOUGLAS o Larkspur son Loretto Petersburgair E Dillon Keystone Evergreen Cherrelyn JEFFERSON Littleton Gilman Frisco Redcliff Breckenridge Conifer Webster Robins Kokomo ero Chase ritchell o son Grant Pine Villagrove Orient Shawnee Jefferson Bailey Buffalo Cr.
Thomasville Como Wortman Aima Night Hawk Ivanhoed Leadville Tarryall Black Mountain Deckers Fair Play Doran PARK PARK Tarryall R Hills Buffalo Sprs.
Malta LAKE Twin Lakes Granite Winfield PITKO IN Aspen Sheep Mt.
Marble Crystal Ashcroft Dorchester CUSTER Round Mt Blanca Somerset Gun Bardine COSTILLA Russell Read N Olathe Weston Primero Slate E Balfour o Newett Mt. Harvard Riverside Buena Vista Mt. Yale CHAFFEE Taylor Tincup Hortense Hotchkiss Baldwin Crawford West Elk Mts.
Maher GUNNISON Catheral Pk.
Montrose Sapinero Cimarrond E UNCOMPAHGRE PLATEAU Uranium M Paradox ON Rio Dolores DO San Naturita Uncompahgre SAN MIGUEL PLATEAU Morley Cedaro Norwood Colona OURAY Sams Ridgway Leonard a Earl 2. Placerville GUEL Sawpit San Miguel Lavendero Lone Mesa Duntono Lonedome RE Ellston Mt.
Dolores 9 St. Elmo Centerville Pitkin Howbert South Westcreek Kiowa Bijou Cr Bland Deertrail Bijou Cr.
Agate N Keystone Norton Fondis Greenland Bijou Basin Palmer Lak Lake WASHINGTON Sidney Martin 。 Riverbend Genoa Arriba プロ Limon Bovina D Springs Mattison Monument Arkansas Divide Crossing Eastonville Ramah Husted Peyton Calhan Sandy Hugo C S Arickaree Pearl Zirkel an R.
KIT Seibert Flagler Tuttles Cr.
Goff Ashland Wallet Railroads Bethune م Vona Stratton Burlington A Cr Sandy Loco Big Twin Buttes Boyero LINCOLN Aroya Howbert Signal Butte Woodland Park Florrisanto Mts.
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Will Guffey CrippleCreek Black Mountain Anaconda Altman N Turret Gunnison Rossi Ridge White Pine Monarch Salida:
Cebolla Strong St.Marys Gunnison Spencer Dubois Daytong Blue Mesa Lake Fk Henson Ohio Parlin 20 Doyleville Vulcan Powderhorn Cebolla Capitól Cy.Lake Cy.
Snettles A Tyrone S Rico Forks Cochetop Waunita Pancho Sprs. SANGR Lime Pueblo Edeno Cochetopa Hills Alder Cochetopa SAG Cathedral Delhi La Garita Mts.
Thatcher Vance Gladstoneo Trinchera Howardsville Silverton o Arastra SAN JUAN F de Maya Troy Arloa MONTEZUMA McElmo Moqui Cortez Hermans Pk.
SOUTHERN UTE INDIAN RESERVATION Rio Mancos 。 Hermit Creede O Bonanza O aiteborn Arkansas Hills Victor Green Mtn. Falcon E Falls Howard Colorado Springs Roswell RE Coaldale San DE Goldfield Fountain Castle Rock Fountain Buttes Wigwam Greenland Tek Parkdale Brookside Cyanide Portiand • Williamsburg Florence Cotopaxi Chandler Orient Eden Black Squirrel Chico Pinon Beaver Pueblo Rockvale Coalcreea Bijou Basin Pyrolite Hillside Peyton Silver Cliff Villagrove ACHE Saguache Mirage Westcliffe Rosita Moffat SAN LUIS PARK Carnero Carnero Cr La Garita Wagon Wheel Gap South Fork MINERAL Snowdon PR SAN JUAN MTS Needleton Mt.Sheridan A Gotera Corrizo S Hesperus Cr.
Content.
N 109° A 103° Rio La Kline 108° Rio Las Animas Carbon Jc. Bayfield Oxford Piedras RIO Pagoša PK. Summitville Rule Robinson ARCHULETA Dyke Ignacio Piedra PagosaJc.
W Springfield E B T Arkansas 107° ㅇ Center Del Norte i Cr.
San Isabel T A Swallows Siloam.
Greenwood P Or- Salem Avondale Boone Schley A A Bennett Lime Fisher Goodpasture Undercliffe Abbey CUSTER Beulah Bland Crossing Kuhns Greenhorn Mt. Greenhorn Crestone Malachite し Gardner Graneros Huerfano Apache Huerfano Liberty Talpa Badito St. Marys Riverbend Genoa Arriba Garnett Mosca d Monte Vistad GRANDE Jasper Rio Platoro San Luis L Sierra Blanca Wild Horse Pt.
LINCOLN Alamosa Capulin Arlington K • Cacharas..
Maitland Cucharas Pictous Ben Walsenburg Walsen Hezron Pryor 9-Rouse Dike Mt.
Sandy Hugo Blanca Jeta Pass Spanish Pks Dean Hickso Trinchera COSTILLA C Rio La Conejos San Luis Galatea Romeo Manasca Rio Culebra Los Cerritos Lobator Wild Horse Rio Conejos Osier Orth Antonito E C Longitude 106° West D Loco Rugby Apishapa Aguilar Delagua Hastings Cow Butte CROWLEY Sugar Horse C D Crowley 0 Olney Sprs.
Fowler Manzanola Rockyford E S Gulnare wind Majestic Park Plateau Ayuner Trinidad σ 2 Swink 0 Cheraw La Jurta Omer OTERO R o G Ft.Morgan Delhi Thatcher Tyrone Dedd Akron Animas Las Lindon Hoehne El Moro Eagle Barela Seibert Arickare Cope San Pablo Weston Lavalley Tercio Starkville from 105° Greenwich E R A Alford St.Cloud 0 Wild Horse Kit Carson Rush Galatea Haswell K Arlington Adobe I Cr. 10 Wells Sandy Big Eads 0 Chivington 40 ち。 2 S 39 Arapahoe 10 30 SCALE OF STATUTE MILES W 70 N Sheridan Lake A 3 Las Animas New Raymer Caddoa Wiley 80 90 Prowers Carlton 50 Arkansas Granada Barion T Grover 120 A olly Robinson L Rule Yeiser Corrizo Troy Otis Trinchera Watervale Morley 104° Bryant Gotera Caddo Two Butte Clay Cr.
Twin Buttes 80 Amit Two Two Buttes Blaine Maxey Horse Monon Springfield Vilas Sand A Arroyo C B Bear Cr.
Konantz A Stonington Cr.
Carrizo Crook Cimarron R.
K A 103° G 102° Copyright L. L. Poate Eng. Co., 38 COLORADO various reasons, including the development of mineral fields in other Western States, the working out of hitherto important mines, and the decline in the price of silver, have resulted in a relative change of this position. The mineral industry, however, is still the most important in the State, and Colorado continues to rank high among the mineral-producing States. The total value of the mineral products in 1917, the latest date for which complete figures are available, was $80,586,021. Coal was the most valuable of the mineral products, with 12,483,336 tons, valued at $27,- 669,129. Gold was second in value with 760,901 fine ounces, valued at $15,729,- 224. Zinc was third with 60,158 tons, valued at $12,272,209. The silver production was 7,304,353 fine ounces, valued at $6,018,787. Other important mineral products were coke, clay products, tungsten ore, and ferro alloys. The production of the principal minerals mined in the State in 1919 was as follows: Gold, $9,892,000; silver, 5,630,000 ounces; lead, 35,650,000 pounds; copper, 3,400,000 pounds; zinc, 52,300,000 pounds. The total value of these products was $22,- 522,000. The estimated coal production in 1919 was 10,100,000 short tons, a decrease of over 2,000,000 tons from the production of 1918.
Agriculture. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops in 1919 were as follows: Corn, 671,000 acres, with a production of 11,206,000 bushels, valued at $15,913,000; oats, 249,000 acres, with a production of 6,524,000 bushels, valued at $5,872,000; wheat, 1,459,000 acres, with a production of 17,645,000 bushels, valued at $35,643,- 000; hay, 1,065,000 acres, with a production of 2,396,000 tons, valued at $44,- 326,000; beans, 69,000 acres, with a production of 448,000 bushels, valued at $1,568,000; potatoes, 92,000 acres, with production of 11,004,000 bushels, a valued at $18,768,000.
Manufactures. There were in 1914 2,126 manufacturing establishments in the State, employing 27,228 wage earn- The capital invested was $181, ers. 776,000; the amount paid in wages, $20,- 200,000; the value of the materials used, $89,776,000; and the value of the finished products, $136,839,000.
Banking. In 1919 there were 128 National banks in operation, having $5,491,- 000 capital, $7,981,596 in outstanding circulation, and $7,885,250 in United States bonds. There were also 228 State and savings banks, with $5,063,000 in capital, $44,709,000 in deposits, and $55,231,000 in resources. In the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, the exchanges at the United COLORADO BEETLE States clearing-house at Denver aggregated $1,520,001,000. Education. There were in 1918 176,- 523 pupils enrolled in the elementary schools. Of this 91,229 were boys and 85,294 were girls. In the secondary schools were enrolled 24,240 pupils. The total enrollment in all grades was 200,- 763. The average daily attendance was 137,984. There were employed in the elementary schools, 6,167 teachers, of whom 5,944 were women and 223 men.
In the secondary schools were 1,052 teachers, of whom 714 were women and 338 were men. There were in all 6,926 teachers in the elementary and second. ary schools of the State. The average annual salary of teachers in all schools was $749. The permanent school fund of the State amounted to $4,948,492.
The total expenditures for the support of schools were $7,093,598.
Churches. The strongest denominations numerically in the State are the Roman Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Protestant Episcopal, Congregational, Lutheran, and Disciples of Christ.
Railways. The railway mileage of the State in 1919 was 5,542. The Denver and Rio Grande has a mileage of approximately 2,600 miles of track. State Government. The governor is elected for a term of two years, and receives a salary of $5,000 per annum. Legislative sessions are held biennially.
The Legislature has 35 members in the Senate (elected for four years and 65 in the House (elected for two years).
There are four Representatives in Congress.
History. The name Colorado comes from that of the river, meaning "red water." Explorations were made here by United States army officers in 1806, 1819, and 1842-1844, and several furtrading stations were established. In 1854 Conejos, in the Rio Grande Valley, was founded by colonists from New Mexico, and a Jesuit mission established. co Gold was discovered in 1858, and as a consequence of this, Denver, Boulder, and Auraria were speedily founded and made a county of the Territory of Kansas. In 1861 Colorado, according to its present limits, was organized as a Territory, and in 1876 was admitted into the Union, receiving the popular designation of the "Centennial State."