Diamond
a natural form of carbon, highly valued as a precious stone when transparent and of the crystalline form. 4 5 2 3 1. Top of rose cutting 2. Side of rose cutting 3. Briolette cutting DIAMOND CUTTING field of magnetic force, from places of weaker to places of stronger force. The opposite is true of bismuth and other substances. Such substances are said to be diamagnetic.
DIAMANTINA (de-a-män-te'nä), a town in the Brazilian province of Minas
4. Brilliant cutting-top
5. Brilliant cutting-side
6. Brilliant cutting-back view A diamond crystallizes in the cubic or monometric system, its common form being the regular octahedron or a modification of it. The bases are often curved and the general form of the crystal is more or less rounded. The surface of the diamond frequently exhibits striæ and triangular impressions, while the in- DIAMOND terior may contain microscopic cavities but in spite of this hardness it is very bon. It is the hardest substance known; but in spite of this hardness it is very brittle and cleavable; specific gravity, 3.52. It is generally colorless, but sometimes tinged pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, brown, or black. Blue, red, and green are exceedingly rare colors. most common colors; rich yellow and browns are also highly prized. Some bluish-white Brazilian diamonds are phosphorescent in the dark after exmonds were preserved in their natural monds were preserved in their natural form, but in 1456 Louis de Berguin of Bruges discovered the art of polishing them on rotating disks with diamond dust. These circular disks, about 10 meters in diameter, are at the present time of soft steel covered with diamond dust and oil, and made to revolve at 3,000 revolutions a minute. This gives the diamonds the artistic smooth surfaces and sharply defined edges. The process is slow and tedious, and requires great skill to produce fine results. Until a few years ago Amsterdam was the great diamond-cutting center of the world, but the finest cutting is now done in the United States, and in a great measure by machinery. As to the cutting process: Diamonds are, first, cleaved; that is, along the line of cleavage of the stone a tiny cut is made by rubbing the stone with another dia- age of the stone a tiny cut is made mond at the point where it is desired to in the cut, and a sharp blow will sepain the cut, and a sharp blow will sepa- Secondly, diamonds are cut by rubbing two diamonds together, the stones being wood or handles which are held in the hands, and rubbed together till they are of the desired form. This also has been superseded partly by an American machine. superseded partly by an American mahave been found in 24 localities in the United States, mapped by Kunz for the United States Geological Survey. The combustibility of diamonds was proved United States Geological Survey. The the aid of burning glasses. That diamonds turned to carbonic acid when burned was proved by Lavoisier in 1772.
In 1867, in the S. of Africa, John O'Reilly, a trader and hunter, reached the junction of two rivers, and stopped for the night at the house of a farmer named Van Niekerk. Children were playing with some pebbles they had found in the river. O'Reilly took one of these named Van Niekerk. Children were play- ing with some pebbles they had found who said that it was a diamond of 22/½ DIAMOND It weighed 842 carats. It was sold for $3,000. Niekerk remembered that he had seen an immense stone in the hands of a Kaffir sessed for the stone, and sold it for tations. He found the man, gave him 500 sheep, horses, and nearly all he po3sessed for the stone, and sold it for $56,000. This was the famous "Star" of South Africa. carats in the rough, and was found to Earl of Dudley, and is now known as the it had been cut it was bought by the Dudley diamond. By 1869, parties in Earl of Dudley, and is now known as the Dudley diamond. By 1869, parties in ox-wagons had worked their way over the plains to the Vaal river. Soon a posite banks of the stream, where diamonds were found plentifully. The mines at Kimberley, 600 miles from Cape Town, are the richest in the world. within 10 years this district has yielded about $58,000,000 in dividends. Ninetywithin 10 years this district has yielded about $58,000,000 in dividends. Ninetyfive per cent. of all the diamonds produced in the past 20 years came from South Africa.
Most of the miners are natives, who are kept in compounds for periods of from three to six months; this system has broken up the illicit diamond buyers' threatened the successful working of the mines. The life chairman of this syndi- (q. v.), who by his genius and will created the corporation apparently out of chaos. The buying and selling of the The total value of all the diamonds known to exist in the world to-day is at least $1,000,000,000. It may safely be one-third of all the diamonds said that one-third known are owned in the United States.
Most of the great diamonds distinguished for beauty and size have very interesting histories. One of the most famous is the Koh-i-Nûr, or Koohinoor, "Mountain of Light." The legend is that it was carried 5,000 years ago by the hero Karna, whose deeds are celebrated in the "Mahabharata." It made its first appearance in history in the 14th century, when Ala-ed-din brought it to Delhi. At that time it was supposed to weigh 793 carats. When in 1673 the Grand Mogul sold it to Tavernier, it weighed only 279 carats, having been injured by the lack of skill of a Venetian lapidary.
It was brought in 1739 at the sack of into the possession of the East India Company, which presented it in 1850 to the English Crown. It was re-cut in 1 DIAMOND DIAMOND 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 1. Southern Star 2. Southern Star 3. Great Mogul 4. Florentine FAMOUS DIAMONDS 5. Koh-i-Nûr 6. Koh-i-Nûr (new cutting) 7. Regent or Pitt 8. Orloff DIAMOND London from the Jagersfontein mines largest stone in the world was sent to What was at the time said to be the largest stone in the world was sent to London from the Jagersfontein mines important diamond was set in the point Another weighed 640 carats. Another of the scepter of the Russian empire, Another weighed 640 carats. Another important diamond was set in the poit of the scepter of the Russian empire, known as the Orloff, which weighs 194% carats. One time it formed the eye of an idol in the temple of Seringham in Mysore, whence stolen. It DIANA was carats. The largest stone cut from it "The Star of South Africa" weighs 530.2 ward VII. by the Union of South Africa.
The diamond weighing method changed in 1910. The standard "metric carat" is of 200 milligrams divided into system. The United States adopted the new carat July, 1913.
DIAMOND BEETLE (Entimus imperialis), splendid coleopterous insect beit a native of South America. nian merchant in 1772 at the price of his murder it was bought by an Arme- it a native of South America. 450,000 silver rubles and the title of nian merchant in 1772 at the price of 450,000 silver rubles and the title of nobility. By the gift of Prince Orloff, a favorite of Catherine II., from whom it derived its name, it came into her possession. The supposed great diamond of the King of Portugal, 1,770 carats, is mythical; or rather is a rolled oval pebble of white topaz.
The Regent or Pitt diamond weighs and most perfect shape. It decorated the sword hilt of Napoleon I., and is now
One of the finest of diamonds is the shape and perfect water. It has been shape and perfect water. It has be traced back to Charles the Bold, who lost been it in 1477 at the battle of Nancy. It came_through many private hands to the Huguenot nobleman Sancy. When Sancy was sent as an ambassador to Solothurn, he received from Henri III. the command to send to him that diamond as a pledge. The servant to whom it was intrusted was attacked and murdered, but instead of giving up the diamond he swallowed it. Sancy had the body opened and found the precious diamond in his stomach. James II. procured it when he came to France in 1688. Later it came into the possession of Louis XIV. and was worn by Louis XV. at his coronation.
One of the most superb diamonds known is the sapphire-blue brilliant Hope diamond, valued at about $100,000. known is the sapphire-blue brilliant It is believed to have been cut from a blue diamond weighing in the rough XIV., and which disappeared in the troubles of 1792. The largest diamond carats, and was discovered in 1853 by a negress in the river Bogageno; it is known as the "Star of the South." It was sold to the Gaekwar of Baroda for $450,000.
The largest and finest diamond in the world to-day was cut from the Cullinan The largest and finest diamond in the which weighed in the rough 3,106 metric of chastity and hunting, the daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and the sister of DIANA (dī-an'a), the Roman goddess Apollo or Phœbus, from which circumstance she is occasionally called Phebe, her usual name in heaven, as Diana was DIANA under many forms, which were almost as numerous as the attributes ascribed on earth. This goddess was worshiped Tergimina, from her three special under many forms, which were almost to her. She was also called Triceps and heaven, Diana on earth, and Hècatè be- Tergimina, from her three special to her. She was also called Triceps and spheres of rule; worshiped as Luna in DIANA MONKEY As Triceps she was painted with three heads, one of a horse, another of a dog, and the third of a virgin. As Diana she was esteemed the patron goddess of hunting and female chastity, and under a title she sometimes shared with Juno, that of Lucina, her aid was considered propitiatory to women in labor. Diana had a temperament quite as fervid as that of the other members of her august synod, as her amours with Pan, the Carian Shepherd, Endymion, and Orion, fully substantiate. She is represented with a quiver, sometimes attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn in a chariot by two white stags. She is supposed to be the same as the "Isis" of the Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece under the name of Artemis, with that of "Osiris" under the name of Apollo. The most famous of her temples was that of Ephesus.
DIANA MONKEY (Cercopithecus Diana), the Simia Diana of Linnæus, or Palatine-monkey of Pennant, an African species of monkey, so named from the crescent-shaped band, resembling that which poets and mythologists assign to the goddess Diana.
DIANA OF POITIERS (de-ä-nä of pwä-tyā), a favorite of Henry II. of France; born in 1499, the eldest daughter of Jean de Poitiers. Married at 13, she became a widow at 32, and ere long attached the affections of the 19 years younger dauphin strongly to herself.
On his accession as Henry II. (1547) Diana enjoyed great influence and did much to reform the court. She was made Duchess of Valentinois in 1548, retired from court to her castle Château d'Anet on the king's death in 1559, and died in 1566.