Egypt
a country in the N. E. of Africa, extending from the Mediterranean to the first cataract of the Nile at Assuan, from 24° 6' to 31° 36′ N. lat.
Area, exclusive of the Sudan, 350,000 square miles. Population (1917) 12,- 750,918, exclusive of nomad Bedouins.
Capital, Cairo; pop. (1917) 790,939.
Geologically and ethnologically, it is confined to the bed of the flooded Nile and occupies little more than 11,000 square miles. The Nile, after breaking through the rocky barrier at Assuan, pursues a N. course, varied only by one considerable bend near Thebes, till, a few miles N. of Cairo, it divides into two main streams, terminating in the Rosetta and Damietta mouths, through which, after a course of 3,300 miles, it pours during "high Nile," about 700,- 000,000,000 cubic meters daily into the Mediterranean Sea. The other five mouths which existed in antiquity, have silted up; the triangular district inclosed by them, supposed by the ancients to have been recovered from the sea, formed the delta, now called Lower Egypt.
Climate. The climate is remarkably mild, especially S. of the desert. The temperature in winter in the shade averages 50° to 60° F., and in the heat of summer 90° to 100° in Lower Egypt, 10° higher in the upper valley. From Juno till February cool N. winds prevail, EGYPT then till June comes a period of E. or hot S. sandwinds, called the Khamasin or "Fifties" (blowing 50 days). The most remarkable phenomena is the regular increase of the Nile, fed by the fall of the tropical rains. The state of the Nile marks the season more accurately than the variation of temperature. Except in the dry air of the valley and desert, Egypt is not remarkably tations healthy; because of the occasional visitations of plague and cholera, ophthalmia, diarrhea, dysentery, and boils. Geology. Egypt is separated from Nubia by a low hilly region about 50 miles broad from N. to S. and composed
A DAHABEAH OF THE NILE, EGYPT of granitic rocks. The same crystalline rocks extend up the shore of the Red Sea to near the opening of the Gulf of Suez, stretching inland for fully 30 miles. The scenery in this district is wild and rude. The granitic region terminates at Assuan, the ancient Syene, whence most of the materials for the colossal monuments of Egypt were procured. The Arabian and Libyan ranges, on the right and left of the river, are alike composed of cretaceous strata, the predominant rock being sandstone, which is durable and easily worked.
Natural History. - The signal peculiarity of the vegetation of the Nile Val- ME B ITERRANEAN Nazaretho A Rosetta E Alexandria, Gulf of Solum TROPOLI Rasel Mith 30 Kasr Shama Ras Bulau Gulf of Bu Sheifa Kasr el Ajdebiah Oasis Dismend Abulaha Jarabub • Gara Masha o Siwa o B.Ghartein Ainus Oasis Siwa (Jupiter Ammon) LIBYAN 2 DESERT 25 3 20 4 15 5 Hawid Ghukah Danmanhur Damietta a Jaffa Jerusalem Port Said TantaheMansourab Gaza El Arish Ismailiya Jeb Makhrah Abu Selim Wady Zaga Natrun LOWER EGYPT Ain Uara Maghara Giza CAIRO Kasr Bawiti 0 PYRAMIDS Rirket el Qurun Fayum Raiyan Zubo Feshn Behnesa Oasis of Bahriya Minia El Hez Ain el Wadi Oasis of Farafra Beni Suef Suez Abu Girga R Roda Mellawi Monfalut Assiout Kasr Farafra EG Bosra Jordan R.
R Kafo Wady Sirhan Kasrel Jedeir Dead Sea S el Melkhat --- Shobak Maan Kelaa G. of Akaban Wady el Araba Akabah debel et Tih ARABIA Sinai Convent Makna Tor Gulf of Suez Sherm% N Beni Hasan Nile Jeb. Garib P Tahta Girga Ekhmim Farshut 0 Kena Ras Mohammed Kelaa Medowara Dhat el Haj Muwela Jebel Sharr Siba Jeb. Um Delpha Sherm Antar Bir es Sidd Kuss Nagh Hamadi RUINS OF El Kasr Ballat Kharga Muto Oasis of Dakhla EGYPT ABYSSINIA AND Rizqat THEBES Bulaq Esna Oasis of Kharga NORTHEASTERN 0 50.
AFRICA 100 100 SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 200 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 200 300 300 Edfu El Kab لا IA el Weis N Kosseir Jeb. Abu Tiur Redesiya Kom Ombo Beris Mex Dush • Darau Ass Oasis of Kurkur Dunguno 1st Cataract hellal Qartassi Darmut Kalabsha Dakka TEMPLE Mirsa Sebara Tebuk -30 Darel Akra el Haura Jeb Sebara Ras Mehar Jeb. Hammada SH Halfaha Kasr Ibrin Dirve Seyala W. Dafaeh Toski (Toshka) E'Shebb O El-Sebua Korosko Haimar Wady Faras Wady Halfa Tewfikiya 2nd Cataract Semna Sonkio Sakiet el Abd Amara Selima 400 500 Important towns are shown in heavy face type Railways shown thus Canals ESAHARA OR TER GREAT DESERT FRENCH W. Boro W. Billia W.Shek hele SOGHAWA DAR Akash Madal Allagi NNUBIANN Tinara Gurgutti 3rd Cataract Kaibar Kerma el Orda Khannak AKRO 1.
Bir Sufir Galgabbo IAN DESERT Bir Absa B Shebeb 4th Cataract Khandak Karakol Oasis or W. el Kab Ain Hamedo Jeb. el Mardfibeyat Old Dongola Merowe el Debba Korti Ambukol O MEDITERRANEAN SEA Rosetta Mouth of the Nile pamietta Mouth Rosetta Burlus Alexandria Mouths 2 Abukir L Mareotis Abukir Bay Beru Damanhur Medina Kiffari rlus Lake Burlus 18 Cultivated Salamih Belga Shirbin L Mehallet Diba Gemil Port Said Fareskub Lake Menzalas El Menzala Calin el Kevin Mansourah Semennud Abu Shequq Teh el Barudo Mehaltet Rub LIBYAN Natrun Wady Lakes Nat. Do run Der Faramus DESERT Tantaly Vin Abu Kebiro Zagazig Shibin-el-Komo Mit Bera Wadu Faragh LOWER EGYPT 0 SCALE OF MILES el Shaguo 40° Jeb Radwa Malali Ras Benas Yanbo el Bahr TROPIC OF CANCER Om el Lotef Mirsa Shab Jeb. Elba Jeb. Soturba El Medina el Kamra 25- 30 Menuf Benha el Asl Barrage el Menashi Bulaq Giza PYRAMIDS Bedrashen Hayit Qantara Salihiya Balah Lakes Suez Isthmu of Mariam El Furdan Sue L.Timsah Tussum Ismailiya Ramses Canal Sto Serapeum Water Tel-el-Kebir Sta.
Shibin el Qanater Siryaqus El Merg Abbasiya CAIRO Staro Post Road Baths of Helwan MEMPHIS RUINS Helwan Battle of the Pyramids July-21st 1798 Embaba el Khobba Mit Uqba Bedr-Honem 이 Bitter La Shaluf Sta Suezo Jebel Ataqa ARABIAN DESERT NILE Tusun Ciccolani Zawiya BAILWAY Palace:
BRIOGE 2 Bulag Gezireh Palace Hotel GEZIRET BULAQ G Guardhouse Mastura Sherm Rabegh el Dureibeh el Sufeineh 3 C. Elba el Kolea o Kholajs Sta.
Jidda Serrua Mecca Ras Rawai MAKAUR 1.
Palace Water Works Mirsa Salaka Hawitira Mirsa Dongola Jeb. Irba Dubadip W.Haier Shikr Bir Hebeb Abu Hammad Selmi Kederwab J. Bawartie W. Amori (BEJA) Port Sudan Mirsa Sheikh Otao Abu Ekla Abu-Hashim Kokveb) JESIRA DESERT 5th Cataract Genenitta el Bak Barud Suakin Tamai Sinkat Tokar B. el Bak Berber ✔ Kenur ed Daman B. el Bayuda p Sotaire oel Dabba es Safih d Wady Malik or Melk es Safih el Seribe Bayareya Jeb. Medob TAKONAWIANGLO W. Sunot Turjoe hkabia Kobe Kol Kol Tura Jeb. Maria El Fasher W. el Koh Martafal DARFUR Birkewea Darra Gendi Bulbul Dar-Abu-Dima Wibra Om Bedr Dar-Abu-Dali o Foja o Tawaisha Dark-el-Birket S Sigela Dar Abu-Uma Shekka el Dileh D S Mellem U Taimo Dar Dango 10 Marpa Mts Hokrahel Nahas, Bahr Nur Agara Bahr Om Gedoo el DARFERTIT Shala Katuaka Gondu Bajangwe 6 Foro Mt. Jila Gatta Mts.
Gatta Liffi Dem Daud Dem Ziber FRENCH Songo Gambo TEQUATORIAL Baraka Ombanga Zuarra Sango AFRICA Zemio Rafai Pakuru 5° A 8. Sassa Kuru P Abu Klea Metamma 6th Cataract Atbara Nakhela April 8th 1898 Atbara Meroe Baaluk da now Shendi Goserujup Shabluka TamaniatMEROE Kerreri Xa Haltaya 2nd Sept. 1898 Omdurman el Seribe Abdalla Wasa 20 B El Alaga KHARTUM Gos Rejeb Blue Kamlin Adororit Jeb. Kureb Fillik el Gash Taka el Fasher el Getena ISLAND EGYPTIAN Kaja KORDOF A Nel Kawa Barao El Obeid Melbeiso Kasghil el Birket Sunguki D. Kegu U BAGGARA BIZIGHAT Arab B A A Wad Medani Dueim Abiad White Nile S Sennar Tomat Abu Haraz Rahad Baraka Knor el Tib Bakiai B.
Zumur Viceregal Palace 20 and Museum Ras Kasar Azarato Kelbetu Kissala Amideb Hamran Hegera O Suk Abu Gedaref Dabaina ennar Karkojo Faqih Kohi Hable Abu Shikele Fu Dar Taqalla Kadero A G Om Delgal Funj G N Dar Nuba KUAJ Bahr el Homr Pongo a Ganda S.Wau Dem Bekir Bassa Copyright. J. L. Poates Eng. Co. 1921 Such h Tira Mandi N Barajaus A Darel LUK SHILK C LINK Dinde Bahr el Azr Canal 4 Giza Sta.
Bir Kabr el Shekh HARMIL anscla R Keren MISUAR Bisha B Debaroa Aressa Tigre HARAT L NORAH GEZIRET RODA Sta.
Cairo Bulagiya Can.
Sta Sta. el Hamra E Helwan/Sta.
Palace G.
Sue Fountain Bab el-Huseniya Waterworks Bab en Nasr El Ash Barquq Qait Bey Khawand Bursbey Tombs of t Khalifs CAIRO Old Sta Citadel Fort Mosque of Zen el-Abden Cartridge Masr Tombs of the Factory El Atiqa Mamelukes (OLD CAIRO) Tombs of Khedivial Family el Imam Shafih com Roman Fortress) Nilometer (Mikyas) FARISAN IS.
Babylon (Greek & Coptic Monast.) Madabgh Sta.
Sewage Works CAIRO AND VICINIT Sta Der et-Tin 0 SCALE OF MILES 1 E 45° F • Sade Jaf Khamr 4 Mareb RABI DAHLAK Massana Hawakil B.
Hamfilah KAMARAN 1.
Hodeidap the Sana Senafe Aksumo Adigrat Takase Noggara Matama Adua Ras Dashan Gondar Kalaba Merdibba Roseres Dorgar eFamaka Dar Kinien L-Tana Mt. Saghe Makalle R Edd HANISH IS.
Antalo VAFAR Bailul Sokoto Debra Lallbala ana Tabor Mt.Guna Biedehor Amhara Tauta, Magdala Belia OR DANAKIL Golima Gohum Aus Hedele Gubo Ancharo Mota Fazok Godara o Aasiosfatra Mt.Kollo Gatira Gomasha Gojam HFashoda Kue Khor el gar (Kodok) Ghazal NoGaidacho Bahr el NUER Meshra Rek Elyab Nasr Dok Tondi Valodo Nam Rohl Jur Ghattas Rumbekh Ghaza Ngoli DORR Mere Tambura Pambia Mts. Ugango Popo's B Ajuara وسلي Amol JENGOR Gaba Shambeh DINKA 1 Mvole Biti Karbora Beri Bor Yawash Nassara Wambek Lado Longitude 30 East Kirin Gorgura Mt. Ego Goboo Baro Juba Kobboo Killela Koktara Dhora Assab Rahoita PERIM Reda Yerim Tez Mocha Dhala Jeb Kharas Aden (Br.) Babel Mande ULF FRENCH SOMALIvolcajura Bay Galamo LAND suen Sumaduo MUSHA IS.
Jibuti OF Zeila A DEN Kuraniali Adado Waroll Liche Laliballiordildoba Eguo Darmi Dire Angolala Ankober jeb Ahmar Dit Antotto ADIS ABEBA Roggle Leka Dannaba TH BOS L. Tato (Jibbe) Faro Gondokoro UGANDA from Gore Mt. Egan Saka G Omoo Bonga Kaffa Cheka Greenwich Mojer L. Dembel Dum PDerba L.Hogga L.Lamina Elmes BAN BRITISH Hederhed Ahmar Jigjiga Moga Medir Jallanko Harar Hardagn Badu Bubasen (V Magna Wabi Luku L Sidama Lo Brer Sheikh Husain Ginea o ORoLogb, Laga Queen Margherita Lako Lo Abaya Ganale A Doria Gabaro Dagahbur Larkei Tus SOMALILAND Babagobo Faradayroo Milmil Darror Bolarli Kurati Warandah Meoro Bodewen Faf Barri Burka Guldumbas Webi Buta Berdale Shebeli E Bodle H 135° J 140° K EAST INDIA ISLANDS (MALAY ARCHIPELAGO) 0 50 100 SCALE OF STATUE MILES 200 300 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 400 500 100 200 400 600 LINDSAY 800 Important towns are shown in heavy face type Capitals shown thus Railways Telegraphs and Cables POSSESSIONS BEATRICE REEF Dutch German United States British Portugese CAGLE TO GUAM URACCAS 1.
ASUNCION I.
GRIGAN PAGAN I.
ELATO IFALIK (WILSON) SPANISH ALAMAGUAN OR GUGUAN FARALLON DE TORRES SARIGUAN LADRONE ANATAJANBIRD I.
VOGEL I. (German)SEYPAN TINIAN ISLANDS ROTA OR SARPAN Agana GALVEZ BK ++ CABLE TO SAN FRANCISCO GUAM (U.S.) SANTA RO, A REEF (German) A C I F I 3 C SEGUEIRAS IS.
K (German) ANGAURO ULUTHI GROUP 10 ELIVI IS HUNTER REES KILAP FEYS YAP I.
CAROLINE (TROMELIN) GRIMES I.
ISLANDS LINDSAY :.
Kossol Pass BAODELTAOB MALAKAL STA.
PILLILU NGOLI MATELOTAS 1. (German) FURAULEP PIKELA (LYDIA) SOROL I. (PHILIP) EARL DALHOUSIE BK.
WEST FAIU LAMOTREK NEW GUINEA 4 OLEIA, WALEA I ELATO IFALIK TUCKER I.
JURIPIK (KAMA) (WILSON) IANTHE SHOAL TIMAKOW SONSEROL 1 (ST.ANDREW) PULO ANNA ۱۰۰ CURRENT/ C E A N PULO MAFIERE 1.
WARREN HASTINGS) HELEN REEF TOBI M E L Important towns are shown in heavy face type 01.
DUTCH POSSESSIONS ERA) WAIGEU PANTIS.
AJU IS.
EAST INDIA PEGUN C. Wau J pba PASAL SALAWATI C. Sele Saukorem Surong Arfak Mt Sari Subra PC Tabim DARAM IS. Bern or HeCluer Mansela Bula IS S Varu KARAS IS.
GLAUT IS GOROM 18.
WATU BELAIS.
EA SI INA ONIN Nautilus Str 135° LIT. KE WULIARUM LARAT SERAS Adue mrau B.
ADI ISLANDS NUMFOR 400 Telegraphs and Cables United States British Sor 600 N C. D' Urville (MALAY ARCHIPELAGO) Mokmer SCALE OF STATUE MILES SCALE OF KILOMETERS RON (JOBI) Warent Rauni POSSESSIONS Napan B 300 Mt.
V. Genoto Charles/Luip Ina B.
Lakahia B.
Elat KOLA Wakara 2 C.Steenboom Pisang BWOKAM 1.
KUMAMBA IS.
ARIMOA) udari PADENA IS.
H EQUATOR Valchenuer B. adipi Dore B.
Humboldt B.
Portugese DUTCH TEW GUINEA Mts. 400 200 TERANGAN Lelingluwan TIMOR LAUT IS..
SELARU BARKAI Kre DJIN IS, ENU TRITON BK CAGLE TO GUAM ΤΙΜOΠAΚA OR TIM Dourga Str.
PRINCE German Derbouimka False C.
ARAFURA SEA AS H 135° U PAT S Auries Mt. ALLISON (TIGER I NINIGO GR.
DUROURI, UWE Massiha MATTY 1.
SAINSON IS. (D'URVILLE) BROISSY I KAIRUT Fagai (ST.ANDREW) PULO MARIERE I, (WARREN HASTINGS) COM MERSON 1.
KANIET GR. (ANACHORET IS.) LUP OR ADMIRALTY IS.
AGAMES GR. MANUS I.
LE MAIRE IS.
C.
Della Torre Brécher B.
VULCAN 1. otsdam Har.
Franklin B.
KRAKARI (DAMPIER) BAGABAS 1.
GEORGE I Napan JESUS MARIE Arm Astrolabe B. ephansort LONG I.
Modir (LAMBUTIU) KREIS REEF ALBERT REEF VICTORIA REEF FRENCH T OCK 1.
KAISER WILHELM TAND Huon G.
MESSEDA For Game Dutch Rakossika Bongarpaв Sauemika Souquarja Silerakas Kupelika Domandapo A ge Huk THURSDAY I CLARENCE Dampier Str. 'CRETIN IS.
BRITISH NEW GUINE Great GULF OF Northeast PAPUA Chan.
Port Moresby POSSESSIONS "EASTERN FIELDS GREAT Torres Strait BARRIER PR. OF WALES Railways J 140° C. York Endeavour StUEENSLAND REEF K A 145° Hercules B.
C.
Ward Hunt ORAL SEA 7 .Nelson 5 6 0° 5 KARAS IS Collingwood B.
RECASTEAUX AMANBY South C MORESSY IS, SELARU as enom 10 1 20 2. 95° A 100° B 105° 110° 115° E 120° Yunnan Mandalay BURM Salwen 15 ANGOON Gulf of Moulmein Martaban 3 10 BAYO F 115° ARCH.
BENGAL R Tavoro BUR M Mereni 4 To Madras 110° Samalanga Sig 2 eulaboh Diamond Pt.
CHIN Susu di Utaradit S R.
Menam BANGKOK Balintang Channel BABUYAN 18.
Luang- Prabang 2.
NKIN Bacninh HANOI Kweilin N A An:
Changchan Wuchau Nanning Canton Si-kiang Mreng Hongkong (British) GULF OF Hainan Str.
TONKIN inh ENC A Bolina Sta.Cru Ib Mekong SD Nong-kh 0 PRATAS Bassak Khong Battambang Chantabun MUGULF OF KRA Georgetow (Penang) Seruwai Brandan Deil P Nanning Tampat Tuan IMEULU Medan Tarumun (BABI) 5.
Bale C R T Kratie CAMBODIA Prom-perih BANK COCHIN SIAM., C.Camau Singora c BANYAK IS 7 6 North C 0 NIAS GULF OF Pekan IN A C. Bastion HELENA PARACEL IS. & REEFS AMPHITRITE IS.
MACCLESFIELD BANK Hue CRESCENT/IS..
CALAMIANE Phu-Y Khanh-hoa CHINA Mouths of the Mekong R.
CONDORE I S T VANGUARD CANK CHARLOTTE BK.
DUTCH 0 POSSESSIONS NORTH NATUNA IS.
BOUNDARY OF Rantau Prabat SETTLEMENTS Balige Vola Barus Siboga Batang Taro Panjabungan Sidempuan Natal 105° A verbang is Malazka N Bacninh Rau K Siberut Str. Priaman Padang N Painano Singapore ANAMBAS IS.
NORTH NATUNA BUNGURAN (GR.NATUNA) Khanh-hoa SOUTH NATUNAJIS.
RIOU VICTORY 1.
RIOU ARCH Keria SEBANGKA Sink Lampar 2 HANOI Solole Solok Ringato Hota Talang M SIBERUT Seaflower Str. Indrapura Silaut A ア I Baru MINERVA Bк.
H 0 LABUAN TIZARD BANK FIERY CROSS LONDON REEFS C RIFLEMAN BANK RIFLEMAN BANK PEARSON A FLAT 1.
PRATAS E TRURO BANK SCARBOROUGH SHOAL GEAHORSE RF.
LORD AUCKLAND BK.
G BOMBAY BK.
A STR.
FORMOSA S Masarete F 125° G NAMBUSHOTO FORMOSA IRIOMOTO (TAIWAN) Tainan MIYAKO-SHIMA OISHIGAKI-SHIMA TROPIC OF CANCER South C Bashi Channe BATAN IS SABTAN CATAN Balintang Channel SALAYER Abul 0 C. Engano CELEBES Laoag Vigan Bangu S. Fernand Lingayen Gul C. Bolina Sta. Cru 91 Balan Manila Bay Pa arri P Pare Pare Cervant vite Bauan Sta. Cro MINDOR Mindoro Str CALAMIANES gan ARCH.
SPERMONDE H (United States) POLILLO PANILA Romblon TABLAS . Jabuli QUYOS IS. PAN LAW Malan L P A Faytay Rawi Barbacan Pto. Princesa Victoria Pk.
Mt. Mantalingayan SULU INVESTIGATOR C. Butiluyan ORCEF BALADS Balabac Balabde Str.
SWALLOW RF.
ROYAL CHARLOTTE 0 NORTH LUCONIA REEF SOUTH LUCONIA Cholon Saigon Mouths of the REEF JAMES BK.
LABUAN Brunel C. Baram Miri Niah Bintulu Mukah Matu Mekong R.
Datu B.
Rejang S (Sarawak I N Kratie TAMBELAN IS LINGA ARCH Kota Berllala Str.
C.Jabung Jambi Ma. Kompeh Korintji Pk. PALEMBANG SIPORA Sivora Str.
NORTH POGGY Moko Moto SOUTH POGGYY 18. S SANDING auty Roja Mt. Muntor Pandan Mt. Sekaju Bengkajang Sanggau Pontianak EQUATOR Sungai Kakap Kubu MAYANG KARIMATA IS grabat R.
BANKA Karri L PATERNOSTER ue CATANDUANES Caceres Mayo Vol.
S. Bernardino Str.
SP Catubig SIBUYAN Capiz oran Borongan A Ley SAMAR Tacloban CEBU LEYTE Ce Surigao Str.
GUIMARAG Carda DINAGAT NE BOHOL SUFLAN SIARGAO CAGAYANES Tagbilaran BAWEAN Cantilan CAMIGUIN Canait Dapita Butunn SEA Cagayan Bislig Iligan Sta. Maria DAN Catelviejo Da Zamboang Cottaba Caraga PANGUTURAN IS, Basilan Str.
Leba Gran Matti Luzon C San Au Lang-MISANGA C. Tinaca SARANGANI IS.
KARKARALONG IS NA KAR SALIBABU TAL KACU SANGI Taruna SIAU 1.
BALAMBANGAN BANGUEY CAGAYAN SULU Kuda Boncon Gaya Kini Balu Sandakan Papar BRITISH Beaufort NORTH ABBASILAN IS.
TAULATAD IS S Truson BORNEO Oparvel SULU Mt Magdalena Guxa Pk Claudetown Mt. Milu Mi Pemudo EQUATOR Pontjarak SEBITIK I.
SIBUTU Pt. Elphinstone TARAKAN CELEBES RNO Bellagi Bulangan CHARLOTTE BK.
A Sarebas Sambaliong o NORTH NATUNA IS, Mts.
RN Sintang MU Baban WEST BORNEO Saran Me Sumparg (Sukadanar Ka. Kuru Ketapang Te Pandan Pankalan Pinang mata Kolla Toboah Ig Hous Suru Lai Langun Palembang Lahat Benkulaamuk Lubu Lintang Kol Mn. Dun Mengala Mana Pasar Bintuhan ENGANO Cru Gunung Boncil Ka Billiton Kendawangan BILLITON H Gaspar Str.
BANGKOK LAMPONGS Acid Ph Sukadal Kota Agung elok Betung Blimbing C. Sambar PRINCES jer BATAVIA V Sunda Str.
KRAKATAO KALAPA Selang Wynkpops Bay leester Cornelis Krawang Purwakarta Indramaju Matuwa Mt.Nijaan Sangkuliran Moelai Puti Busak A C. Mangkalihat RABIT Moвa:Bentang, Sigenti Schwane Maleweh Mandjul Kasungan Rawi Sampit Ka B. Telaga Pulapuas SIAM.
JAVA IS IMON GULF Tegal Bandung at Cheribon Mt. Tjerimat Buitenzorg C.
Genteng Sindang Barang Mt. Slamat Kebumen Chilatjap N D N D A CHRISTMAS I. (Br) N 10 To Madagascar A I B Copyright. T. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 Pameungpeuk Japara Magelo Rembang Sampit B.
Kahayan R.
C.Malatyor E Tuban Singora Moara Kaman Seresa Tongaron Samarinda Dongali Balik Papan Balik Papane Ma.Jawa Pasang Kayo Loli M Kaili Adang B. Karossa L. Posso Amunta LA BALABA S Limu SEA SANGI IS TAGULANDANS BIARO E C.
G N Balang Itang Kwandang Poigar Totok Kwalu Besa MuSinandaka Moeton Paguat Gulf of dat Col Doeloepi Tomini TOGIAN IS DO Kotalangon Gorontalo Bualemo Bongka Mt.
KicxitongCING Mt. Tukala CBANCA Banjermasin C. William Mawudja L. Fawnti a SAL Martapu Kota Baru SEBUKU Pulo/Laut StrLAUT C. Salatan Surabaya Grissee MADURA Pamakasan C. Lajar, LAUT Q C StrE R Doseni Sakita Palopro Datimodiong Lelewat Nipa Nipa B.
Kota Balang Nipa Suru Pare Pare Boni SPERMONDE ARCH..
ARENDS 1. /SIRLIS. Makassa SOLOMBO IS.
KANGEAN IS.
Panaruken PANDJANG Pasiriano dura Str ☑ Purwored joo Surakarta Kediri Jokyokarta o Pachitano Trengaleko Tulung Agung 0~0 Mt. Semeru A Bonthain Pandan POST Bulekomha POSTILLON IS.
Mt.
WOWONI TALI-ACU Dod (Br) GR.TAWALT Batja IS.) MANGOLI Sarana CE SULA IS.
SULA BEST Wue aeni W Passulor Kendari Wowoni-Str.
MUNA Polejang SALAYER Pasar Goran Kal BUTON Salayer BATU ATU TIGER IS.
Jani BURU Masarete BAN 'ST. MATHEW I TUKANG BES IS.
SUNDA ORFLORES Singa Radja Negara Banjuwangle Bali Str.
BuleERNOSTER Lombok Str: Ampenan Tabaran BALIAN LOMBOK BLAMBANGAN PEN S 105° 110° LOMBOK Sisi Alas Str IS.
SABALANA IS. TANA JAMPEAT TAMBORA orreh MeiSUMBAWA La SUMBAWA Batu Lant odur Padang Badjak KALAO KALAU TUA SEA LOMBLEN Alor Besar PANTAR io Maumere KOMBA SOLOR ADUNARA Sumba -Str MORES.
Rokka Endel LUCIPARA GUN WE ALOR SOUTHWEST 19 Atapupu Sutrana IMOR SAVU SEA Pariti SAMAD Meníboro Waingapu SUMBA Melolo Seba SAVU IS.
A SANDALWOO0 1. 115° Long. E 120° East Din Watar Str.
OR Kuilacd Mt. Allas Noimuti (Port Loesi Babau, Kupang S Roti Str: (Dutch) Namudale ROTTI F from 125° EGYPT ley is the absence of woods and forests.
The Pharaohs got their timber chiefly from Lebanon, and modern Egypt is supplied from the forests of Asia Minor.
Of flowers, the celebrated lotos, or water-lily, has supplied many ideas to Egyptian architects. The lack of jungle or cover of any sort accounts for the poverty of the Egyptian fauna; the among them the dreaded cobra and the camel. Serpents are numerous, and ing a retreat to the tropics. The ordinary beasts of burden are the ass and camel. Serpents among them the dreaded cobra and the rich alluvial deposit will bear three crops aid of regulated artificial irrigation, the cultural country; in some parts, by the are numerous, and rather poor flavor. Egypt is an agricultural country; in some parts, by the aid of regulated artificial irrigation, the rich alluvial deposit will bear three crops in the year. Wheat is the chief cereal; STREET IN CAIRO, EGYPT STREET IN CAIRO, EGYPT clover are also largely grown with very little trouble. The extensive culture of papyrus, which anciently supplied material for paper, has in modern times been superseded by that of sugar cane, cotton, indigo, and tobacco.
Religion. The two main principles on which the religion of Egypt was based appear to have been the existence of an which the religion of Egypt was based Religion.-The two main principles on butes being deified, formed a series of divinities; and the deification of the sun EGYPT and moon. formed a triad composed of a chief male deity, with a wife or sister and a son, as and Khonso. Among the other gods of the Egyptian Pantheon are Ra, the sun, formed a triad composed of a chief male the Egyptian Pantheon are Ra, the sun, usually represented as a hawk-headed man; Mentu and Atmu are merely two phases of Ra, the rising and setting sun.
The worship of the bull Apis is connect- Apis, who has become Osiris. Seth or cal god, owed his importance to the Set represents the power of evil. Amgreatness of his city, Thebes. Thoth mon (Egyptian Amen), originally a lowas the chief moon-god, and is generally jackal-headed, belonged to the family of represented as ibis-headed. Anubis, the Osiris, and presided over mummificawas the chief moon-god, and is generall tion. Besides these deities, the Egyptians wor worshiped beasts, reptiles, and even vegetables, probably as symbols.
Ancient Civilization.
Egyptians first appeared in history, they were already possessed of a mar- When the velously advanced civilization, which they were already possessed of a mar- Egyptians first appeared in history, presupposes thousands of years of development, even before the remote period, opment, even before the remote period, presupposes thousands of years of develbuilders reigned. In the sciences, as builders reigned. In the sciences, as time, and the decimal system of numbers, weights, and measures, and the division of the year were already known, while the form of the buildings implies a knowledge of geometry and its sister sciences. They had also a knowledge of astronomy and chemistry. The art of literary composition existed as early as sciences. They had also a knowledge of literary composition existed as early as astronomy and chemistry. The art of nevertheless, fixed. Architecture had attained great refinement. The transport of enormous blocks of stone testifies to an early development of engineering skill. dynasty, car The statues of the 4th were generally conventional, owing to carved nearly 4,000 years B. C., their em employment in architecture; but in surfaces, though fresco was occasionally portraiture great perfection was atused. In the art of music, the harp and tained. Painting appeared at the same age chiefly in tempera or whitewashed tained. Painting appeared at the same portraiture great perfection was attheir employment in architecture; but in early as and heptachord and pentachord lyres as the jingling sistrum, in the 4th. Poetry surfaces, though fresco was occasionally the 12th dynasty; besides bals, trumpets, and guitars are seen in the 18th, and the natural instrument, tered by the three highest professions; the priests were distinguished by their The civil government was adminiswas at all times in use. 1 EGYPT superior knowledge, cleanliness, and godliness, and the political and civil government was administered by royal scribes, or secretaries of state, who superintended the revenue, justice, foreign affairs, and all the interests of the executive. Sacred scribes attended to the ecclesiastic interests, and inferior scribes to the local interests. The public works, the collection of grain and of all the linen dues, the cattle, workmen, wells, irrigation, had each their separate superintendents and scribes. The military force, of 410,000 men, at a later period, comprising all arms of the service, was ruled with severe discipline, under the direction of nomarchs, colonels, captains, and lieutenants. History. The Egyptians are the earliest people known to us as a nation, if we except the Chinese. When Abraham entered the delta from Canaan, they had long been enjoying the advantages of a settled government. The arrangement of Egyptian chronology is still a much-disputed point. A list of the kings of Egypt, arranged in 30 dynasties, was given by the priest Manetho about 250 B. C.; this division is still used . According to tradition Mena or Mones formed the old empire of Egypt and founded its capital Memphis. Three kings, Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura, of the 11th dynasty, built the largest pyramids; the date assigned to these kings by Lepsius is 2800-2700. The shepherd kings were driven out about 1600. With their expulsion began the reigns of those great rulers who built the magnificent temples and palaces at Thebes. Rameses II., or Sesostris, was successful against the neighboring Arabs, and covered Egypt with magnificent buildings. He was probably the Pharaoh who oppressed the Hebrews; the Exodus may have occurred under his son and successor, Maneptah or Merenptah. Under the later Ramessides the Egyptian empire began to decay. Eventually the Ethiopians under Shabak (Sabako) conquered Egypt. For a time it was subject alternately to Ethiopian and Assyrian princes, but in the 7th century the kings of Sais once more restored its independence and prosperity. About 525, Cambyses, King of Persia, overran Egypt, and it remained a Persian province till Persia was conquered by Alexander the Great, 332 B. c. Egypt now became a Greek state. Alexandria was founded as the new Greek capital. On Alexander's death, his general, Ptolemy, took possession of the throne and became the first of a Greek dynasty which for 300 years made Egypt one of the chief kingdoms of the world. Ptolemy EGYPT Auletes went to Rome to ask help against his subjects, and the famous Cleopatra maintained her power only through her personal influence with Julius Cæsar and Mark Anthony. On the defeat of Mark Anthony by Augustus, 30 в. c., Egypt became a province of Rome. Next arose in Alexandria the Christian catechetical school, which produced Clemens and Origen. On the division of the Roman empire (A. D. 337), Egypt became a province of the Eastern Empire and sank deeper and deeper in barbarism and weakness. It was conquered in 640 A. D. by the Saracens under Caliph Omar. As a province of the caliphs it was under the government of the famous Abbassides. The last dynasty was overthrown by the Mamelukes (1250); the Mamelukes in their turn were conquered by the Turks (1516-1517). The Mamelukes made repeated attempts to cast off the Turkish yoke. Bonaparte led an army of 35,000 French, and defeated them at the battle of the Pyramids, July 23, 1798. The French held Egypt till 1801, when they were driven out by the British under Abercrombie and Hutchinson.
Me- On the expulsion of the French a Turkish force under Mehemet Ali Bey took possession of the country. hemet Ali, a man of great ability, was made Pasha of Cairo in 1804 and greatly extended the Egyptian territories. At length he broke with the Porte, and after gaining a decisive victory over the Ottoman troops in Syria he was in 1839 acknowledged by the Sultan as Viceroy of Egypt, with the right of succession in his family. Under the rule of Said, one of his sons, railways were opened and the cutting of the Suez Canal was begun. In 1882 the "National party" under Arabi Pasha revolted and forced the khedive to flee. On July 11 a British fleet bombarded Alexandria and restored the khedive, and at Tel-el Kebir Arabi's forces were totally crushed on September 13. A rebellion in the Sudan under the leadership of Mohammed Ahmed, the so-called mahdi, now gave the government trouble. In 1883 the mahdi's forces annihilated an Egyptian force under Hicks Pasha in Kordofan.
British troops were now dispatched to Suakim and inflicted two severe defeats on the mahdi's followers there. But the British cabinet had resolved to abandon the Sudan; and General Gordon, famous for his work in this district, was sent to effect the safe withdrawal of the garrisons (1884). By this time, the mahdi's forces were strong enough to shut the general up in Khartum. For nearly a year he held the town, but was EGYPT assassinated (January, 1885) before the relief expedition under Sir Garnet Wolseley could reach him. In 1889, Egypt was invaded by 14,000 dervishes, under Wad el N'Jumi, and this army was destroyed at Toski by an Anglo-Egyptian force under General Grenfell. There was no effort to relieve the Sudan from the tyranny of Abdullahi, the mahdi's successor, till 1896, by which time the fanatical faith of the dervishes had decayed and many tribes had become disloyal.
Slatin Pasha, who escaped from Omdurman in March, 1895, revealed at Cairo the altered situation, and during the following winter the British Government , as the protector of Egypt, resolved on the reconquest of the Sudan. General Kitchener was given control of the undertaking. In June, 1898, he attacked an army of 18,000, under Mahmud , sent against him, practically annihilated it, and by September 1 arrived in sight of Omdurman. The khalifa attacked, but was repulsed with the loss of almost his entire line of battle. Ascending the Nile EGYPT The strong hand of Lord Cromer, the British viceroy, prevented, however, any actual outbreak. Under Lord Cromer's rule, great strides were made in the economic and social development of the country. He resigned in 1907 and was succeeded by Sir Eldon Gorst. He made it evident from the beginning of his rule that Great Britain intended to maintain her hold in the country, and there were general manifestations of dissatisfaction, including the assassination of the Egyptian Prime Minister. The government took repressive measures which were effective. In 1911 Sir Eldon Gorst died and was succeeded by Lord Kitchener, who at once undertook the pacification of the country by economic reform. 1911 At the outbreak of the World War, Great Britain at once declared Egypt to be a British protéctorate, thus ending protectorate, thus ending the suzerainty of Turkey. Sir Arthur McMahon was appointed High Commissioner. Abbas Hilmi was removed as Khedive, and was succeeded by his
TEMPLE OF PHILE, EGYPT with gunboats after the battle, Kitchener found Captain Marchand holding Fashoda, which he had seized by order of the French Government. Under Government. threats of war from England, Marchand was in November ordered to evacuate Fashoda.
In 1904, an agreement was made between France and Great Britain, by which France pledged itself to permit Great Britain a free hand in the occupation of Egypt. A movement for Egyptian nationalism developed in the early part of the 20th century, and continued to grow in importance. The importance.
Nationalist party was formed with Mustapha Kemal as leader, and various conflicts with the English officials gave strength to the Nationalist movement. father's brother, Hussein Kemal, who was made Sultan. The measures undertaken and carried on by Lord Kitchener had proved remarkably beneficial. These included constitutional reforms, and extensive changes in the judicial procedure. The Suez Canal was one of the vital points of defense. At the outbreak of the war, ways and means were taken to strengthen it on the anticipation of a strong attack against it. These fears were realized. Turkish forces undertook a campaign against the canal in January, 1915. They were commanded by German officers.. The attacks were repelled with great losses and the army under the Turks withdrew to Palestine.
Although this prevented for a time at- EGYPT on tacks on the canal, military operations continued and several important battles were fought. The chief of these was at Romani. The Turkish force was defeated by the English and Australian troops. Operations were carried on throughout this year under great difficulties, and the Sinai desert was finally cleared of Turkish troops. During the progress of the war, the Egyptian Nationalists continued to cause trouble and demanded permission to submit their claims to the British Government. In 1919 the Nationalists placed obstacles in the way of the formation of a new government. British officials were forced to deport the vice-president of the Assembly and three other leaders to Malta. This was followed by riots in several cities. In March, 1919, General Allenby, who had been appointed Special High Commissioner arrived in Cairo and at once released several revolutionists from prison and temporarily restored order. There were further outbreaks, but conditions had gradually readjusted themselves by the end of 1919. In spring of 1920 a mission headed by Lord Milner was sent to Egypt for the purpose of inquiring into conditions and recommending reforms. The Egyptian Nationalists had sent a delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris, but it was not given a hearing. The Milner mission concluded its work in April, 1920. It recommended several changes in the formation of government, including the retention of the Sultan as titular head, and the return of a bi-cameral legislature. It recommended that the Upper House should consist of members partly elected directly and partly nominated, and the Lower House should be entirely elected. A sweeping thorough remodeling of the Egyptian Government and a sweeping reduction of British officials was advised. The Nationalists continued disturbances and several of their leaders were arrested in July for an attempt to assassinate the Premier.
Law and Justice. - There are 90 summary tribunals, 8 central courts and a Court of Appeals at Cairo. "Cantonal" Courts composed of villaye notables- 2,360. By an act of 1905, serious offenses, and by Act of 1910, press offenses, are tried at Central Courts.
Finances. Revenue 1919-1920 (estimated) £28,850,000. Expenses: £28,- 850,000. In April, 1919, the sectional debt was £93,388,640. There is a National bank at Cairo, an Agricultural bank, 8 Mortgage banks and 5 ordinary banks, one P. O. Savings bank and 12 rural.
Education.
Of indigenous schools, known as "Maktabs" there were in 1918 EIFFEL TOWER 3,534. Teachers, 6,582, attendance, 209,- 186. In 1919 under Government direction and of departments there were 275 schools. There are schools of law, military, agriculture, veterinary, police, and for cadis; a reformatory for boys and one for girls. The Azhar University at Cairo for higher education is the greatest Moslem institution of its kind in the world.
Agriculture. In 1917 areas cultivable 7,932,077 feddans (=1.038 acre) cotton is the chief crop. 2,633,539 acres that could be reclaimed. In 1918, the wheat crop was 874,720 tons; barley 214,916 tons; and maize, millet and rice were also produced on a large scale. Cotton 5,019,689 gantars (=99.05 lbs.). - In March, 1919, Commerce. Merchandise (1918) imports £51,155,306. Exports, £45,379,020. Imports from U. S. (1918) £491,326.
Exports £4,286,318.
Communication.
Egypt had 2,339 miles of rails, double and single. There were 726 miles of privately owned roads, exclusive of Sudan to Khartoum R. R.-375 miles.
Telegraph and telephone systems, 6,311 miles. Post-offices and stations 2,485.
EGYPTOLOGY. See ARCHEOLOGY.
EHRENBERG (ā'ren-berg), CHRIS- TIAN GOTTFRIED, a German scientist; born in Delitzsch, April 19, 1795. After studying theology, medicine, and natural history, he joined d in 1820 an expedition to Palestine, Egypt, and Abyssinia, returning to Berlin in 1825. In 1820 he accompanied Humboldt to the Ural and Altai ranges and to central Siberia. His great work on "Infusoria" appeared in 1838, and was at once recognized as the highest authority on the subject. It was followed in 1854 by his "Microgeology." He died June 27, 1876.
EHRENBREITSTEIN (ā'ren-brītstin), a Prussian fortress of great strength situated opposite the confluence of the Moselle with the Rhine, on a precipitous rock 387 feet above the river, and inaccessible on three sides. It is connected with Coblenz on the opposite shore by a bridge of boats. After the Armistice, ending the WORLD WAR (q. v.), it was occupied by American troops.
EIDER (i'der), a river of Prussia, which rises in Holstein, and forms the boundary between Schleswig and Holstein, falling into the North Sea at Tönning after a course of 92 miles. By its junction with the Schleswig-Holstein Canal it gives communication between the North Sea and the Baltic.