Emmich
GENERAL VON, a German army officer. He was in command of the Tenth Hanoverian Army Corps when the World War broke out, in 1914, but was detached from his command to direct the operations of the troops which began hostilities on the western front by attacking Liège, in Belgium. So heavy were the casualties inflicted by the Belgians on Von Emmich's shock battalions that the German advance was held up for almost a week, giving the French and British forces in France time to prepare a partial defense. EMPLOYERS' ASSOCIATIONS. With the growth of labor organizations it is only natural that there should have developed associations of similar nature and aims among those to whom the labor unions are opposed, the em- EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY ployers. Employers', or masters', associations, were formed in Great Britain as far back as the beginning of last century, for the purpose of combating the power of the trades unions. For a while both were of the nature of secret organizations, and both sides equally unscrupulous in the methods they employed in harming each other. were In this country the first employers' association was the Stove Founders' National Defense Association, founded in 1868. In 1913 a Congressional Commission, appointed to investigate the alleged evil influence of manufacturers' combines in procuring legislation favorable to employers, reported the existence of two hundred employers' associations, most of which were frankly arrayed against the labor unions, to combat them by either economic or legislative action. Most important of these, in regard to size, scope of activity and general significance, was the National Association of Manufacturers, founded in Cincinnati, O., in 1895. The openly avowed object of this organization is to increase the volume of export trade, by means of disseminating a knowledge of conditions in foreign countries and their needs in the way of commodities of American manufacture; to oppose "harmful" labor legislation and to exert influence in favor of "beneficial" legislation; and to arbitrate labor disputes. The Association of Manufacturers is a thoroughly "class conscious" organization, and devotes a great deal of energy, both directly and indirectly, in promoting the interests of manufacturers in general and in fighting the demands of the labor unions where they extend to the closed shop, minimum wages and, in some cases, recognition through their national organizations. In the famous litigation brought against the American Federation of Labor for its boycott of the Bucks Stove and Range Co., lasting over a period of many years, the Manufacturers' Association was the backbone of the forces opposed to the labor body. Within more recent years, however, and especially since the close of the World War, it has turned its attention more in the direction of radical labor organizations, and especially against the I. W. W. The movements of the members of this revolutionary order are closely watched, and reported to those members of the Association threatened by encroachment by agitators for the Red doctrine.