Gasquet
CARDINAL FRANCIS AIDAN. A French prelate. He was born in London in 1846 and was educated at Downside College, Bath, becoming after the usual course priest and member of the Benedictine order. In 1878 he was appointed superior of the Benedictine Monastery and College of St. Gregory, Downside, and in 1914 was made cardinal and intrusted by Pope Pius X. as president with overseeing the International Commission for the Revision of the Vulgate. For the purpose of that work he has since lived in Rome.
His works include: "Edward VI. and the Book of Common Prayer"; "The Great Pestilence"; "The Old English Bible and Other Essays"; "Eve of the Reformaiton"; "English Monastic Life"; "Parish Life in Mediæval England."
GASTEIN (gästin), a romantic valley in the S. of the Austrian duchy of Salzburg, 28 miles long, with a number of small villages. The chief of these, Wildbad-Gastein, is a famous wateringplace, and was a favorite resort of the Emperor William I. of Germany. Here, Aug. 14, 1865, a convention was signed between Austria and Prussia, which, by a partition of Schleswig and Holstein, for a short period prevented the rupture between the rival powers. Pop. of the valley about 5,000.
GASTEROPODA (-op'ō-dä), in zoölogy, gasteropods; the most typical, though not the most highly-organized class of the sub-kingdom Mollusca. Its essential character is that the under side of the body constitutes a single muscular foot, on which the animal creeps or glides. Most of the gasteropoda have univalve shells, a few have them tubue lar or conical; in one the shell is multivalve, and in some it is internal or wanting. Most of the spiral shells are dextral, a few are sinistral. Some have an GASTRITIS operculum closing the aperature of the shell. The animal has a head furnished with two, four, or six tentacles, or these are wholly wanting. There is a mantle, in the folds of which the shell is produced. Some breathe air, the others water. Cuvier divided the gasteropoda into eight orders (1) Pectenibranchiata, (2) Scutibranchiata, (3) Cyclobranchiata, (6) Tectibranchiata, (7) Inferoata, (4) Tabulibranchiata, (5) Pulmonbranchiata, (8) Nudibranchiata. Woodward and others have divided the class into four orders only. (1) Prosobranchiata, including the first four of Couvier's orders, (2) Pulmonata, corresponding to his 5th, (3) Opisthobranchiata, comprehending his 6th, 7th, and 8th orders; and (4) Nucleobranchiata, which Cuvier had made a distinct class-Heteropoda (q. v.). The Prosobranchiata have been arranged in two divisions: Siphonostomata, and Holostomata; and the Opisthobranchiata also in two: Tectibranchiata and Nudibranchiata. In palæontology, gasteropoda are found in all the formations from the Upper Cambrian rocks till now.
GASTON DE FOIX (gäs-tôn de fwä), a Duke of Nemours, a French soldier; born in 1489. He was son of John de Foix, Count d'Estampes, and Mary of Orleans, sister of Louis XII. whose favorite he became. At the age of 23 he routed a Swiss army, rapidly crossed four rivers, drove the Pope from Bologna, and won the celebrated battle of Ravenna, April 11, 1512, but was killed while attempting to cut off a body of retreating Spaniards.