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Geikie (JAMES a Scottish geologist)

JAMES, a Scottish geologist; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Aug. 23, 1839. He received an education similar to that of his brother Archibald.

Having served on the Geological Survey of Scotland from 1861 to 1882, he succeeded his brother as Murchison Professor of Geology in Edinburgh University. He is the author of "The Great Ice Age" (2d ed. 1877); "Prehistoric Europe" (1881); "Outlines of Geology" (1886; 2d edition 1888); a translation of "Songs and Lyrics by H. Heine and other German Poets" (1887); "Earth Sculpture" (1898); "Mountains" (1913); "Antiquity of Man in Europe" (1913). He died in GELA (jēlä), one of the most important ancient Greek cities of Sicily, sit- GELASIUS II. uated on the S. coast of the island between Agrigentum and Camarina; founded in 690 B. c. by a colony of Cretans and Rhodians. The colony was remarkably prosperous, and in 528 B. C. sent out a portion of its inhabitants, who founded Agrigentum. In 280 Phintias, the tyrant of Agrigentum, utterly destroyed Gela.

GELASIUS II., Bishop of Rome (1118- 1119), formerly John of Gaeta. He was educated at the Benedictine abbey of Monte Cassino, was cardinal and chancellor under Urban II. and Paschal II., and on the death of the latter was chosen Pope by the party hostile to the Emperor Henry V. The imperial party at Rome under the Frangipani seized his person, but were forced to set him free by the menacing attitude of the mob.

The new Pope fled before the advancing imperial troops to Gaeta, where he first received his consecration, and whence he fulminated the thunders of excommunication against Henry V. and Gregory VIII., the antipope he had set up. Soon after he was able to return to Rome, but ere long had to betake himself for protection to France, where he died in the monastery of Clugny, Jan. 29, 1119.