Hedin
SVEN ANDERS, a Swedish explorer and geographer, born in Stockexplorer and geographer, born in Stockand Halle. In 1885 he made his first and Halle. In 1885 he made his first he went to Persia as a member of the In the following year Swedish King's embassy to the Shah. he explored Khorthe four years' expedition which made him world-famous; a trip from Russia to Pekin, in, by way of Tibet. Subsequently he made two other exploring trips to Tibet. achievements are the discovery of the trips to Tibet. Among his many achievements are the discovery of the what of his prestige by his fanatical championship of the German cause during the World War. Among his works are: "A Journey Through Persia and ing the World War. Among his works Results of a Journey Through Central Asia" (6 vols., 1893-1904).
Among his many Results of a Journey Through Central Arabia, situated on the N. E. coast of the Red Sea, extending from the Gulf HEDJAZ Valley of Eshcol, famous now, as of old, of Akabah to about the parallel of 20° N. and to the Nafud Desert on the E.
The area is about 96,500 miles, and consists largely of sand with little vegetation. The land slopes to the N. with the Tehema Mountains in the center rising to a height of 6,000 feet. Bedouins mated at about 300,000. The chief centers of population are the sacred cities compose the population which is estiis the principal port. A railway line, to of Mecca and Medina, and Jeddah which ters of population are the sacred cities be known as the Medina-Mecca-Jeddah line, was in the course of construction by the Hejaz Railway Company when the war broke out. The region was under 1917 the Arabs, with the aid of the the war broke out. The region was under British, revolted against Turkish rule.
The immediate occasion of the rising garrison at Medina by 3,000 picked opposed. By inherited right, acknowledged by the Turks for more than two ligious. But it was feared that Arabia in the Hedjaz both political and rehundred years, he exercised an authority was to be brought under complete Turkish sovereignty In June, 1917, the diswas to be brought under complete Turkcome to a head. The Turks held Mecca by means of forts and fortified bar- come to a head. The Turks held Mecca by means of forts and fortified barracks. These opened fire upon the city with their guns were besieged by the Sheerif and his troops. The garrison the Turks in Mecca capitulated. Then opened fire upon the city with their guns the revolt spread to the coast. At Taif the Arabs besieged and took prisoners Ghabil Pasha, the Governor-General of the Hedjaz, and 3,000 Turkish regulars.
Next, with British aid in the form of arms and munitions, they cut off Medina. which was held by some 14,000 men and It was not possible to storm the city, was strongly fortified. But it was block- It was not possible to storm the city, the end of the war. In the meantime was strongly fortified. But it was blockthe end of the war. In the meantime The Turks sent the re-enforcements from tile movements of the Bedouins proved of value to the British as a means of withdrawing Turkish forces from the front in Palestine and in Mesopotamia, and every effort was made through British diplomacy to add to the unrest among them. The rising in the Hedjaz almost synchronized with the British among them. The rising in the Hedjaz alentry into Palestine, and the two events most synchronized with the British caused much alarm among the Turkish entry into Palestine, and the two events HEGEL command; N. of Jerusalem the 7th Turkish army, under Fevri Pasha; and E. of Jordan, based upon Ammam, the 4th Turkish army. It was the last army which was concerned in resisting the advance N. of the Arabs of the Hedjaz, and its difficulties were great. The Arabs were not slow to perceive the difficulty of the Turkish position and they continued their operations, winning minor successes as the Turkish difficulties increased, and receiving from the British all the aid that could be given them. Before the Turkish collapse the Hedjaz had been cleared largely of Turkish troops and the Arabs had been installed in the garrisons at Mecca and Medina. Following the downfall of the Turks the independence of the Hedjaz was proclaimed by the Arabs and was guaranteed by the Treaty with Turkey.
The Emir Hussein assumed the title of king in Nov., 1916.
HEGEL (ha'gl), GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH, a German metaphysician; born in Stuttgart, in 1770. He studied at the theological institute of Tübingen from 1788-1793, and was next a private tutor at Berne (1793-1796), and subsequently at Frankfort-on-the-Main (1797- 1800). Having removed to Jena, and contracted an intimacy with Schelling, he devoted himself to metaphysical study. After the battle of Jena, Hegel was employed on a newspaper at Bamberg till 1808.
He was professor successively at Jena, Heidelberg, and Berlin. He was at first the disciple of Schelling, with whom he was associated in the conduct of a philosophical journal in 1802-1803.
But his opinions gradually took a different turn. He rejected Schelling's intellectual intuition as an unwarrantable assumption, though he continued to maintain its leading idea-the unity of the subjective or ideal, and the objective or real; and in this idea endeavored to establish that absolute cognition and absolute truth, which alone, according to this school, can satisfy the demands of the philosophical spirit. Hegel seems not to have perfected his system; and as he had no power of exposition, or of lucid expression of his thoughts, it is impossible to give a clear view of his philosophy. His most important works are his "Phenomenology of the Mind"; "Logic"; and "Encyclopædia of Philosophical Sciences." He died in Berlin, in HEIDELBERG (hi'dl-berg), a town of Baden; on the left bank of the Neckar, here crossed by two bridges; in one of the loveliest districts of Germany. It is HEIFETZ on a narrow strip between the river and the castlerock and Geisberg, spurs of the Königstuhl (1,850 feet); and chiefly consists of one main street and less important cross and paralled streets. The principal buildings are: The church of St. Peter; the church of the Holy Ghost; the castle, anciently the residence of the Electors Palatine; HEILDELBERG UNIVER- SITY (q. v.); the town house, etc. The castle, begun in the end of the 13th century, and exhibiting elaborate examples of early and late Renaissance architecture, is the most remarkable edifice in Heidelberg. It is now an ivy-clad ruin, but is carefully preserved from further decay. The principal industry is brewing. One of the greatest curiosities of the place is the Heidelberg tun, kept in a cellar under the castle. It is 36 feet in length, 26 in diameter, and capable of holding 800 hogsheads. Heidelberg is rich in public walks and fine views, that from the Königstuhl being of surpassing beauty. It was long the capital of the Palatinate, but was superseded by Mannheim in 1720. In 1622 Tilly captured and sacked the city. A similar simi fate overtook it in 1689 and 1693 at the hands of the French. Pop. about 56,000.