Idaho
a State in the Western division of the North American Union; bounded by Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia; admitted to the Union July 3, 1890; number of counties, 41; capital, Boisé; area 84,800 square miles; pop. (1900) 161,772; (1910) 325,594; (1920) 431,- Topography. The surface of the State is exceedingly mountainous. The Rocky Mountains form the N. E. boundary separating Montana from Idaho, and send to the Sierra Nevadas. The principal ranges are the Salmon, Bitter Root, Bear River, and Saw Tooth. The Salmon range extends along the Salmon river and reaches an altitude of 12,000 feet; the summits being rugged and several' being covered with snow. The Goose Creek and Bear River mountains extend along the S. portion of the State.
Three-fourths of the State the S. portion-is arid, agriculture being practiced only by means of irrigation. The soil is very fertile and the water supply abundant. The principal irrigated sections of the State are in the Bear, Snake, Boisé, Payette and Weiser river valleys.
These valleys lie at an altitude of from 700 to 5,000 feet. The Snake river, a tributary of the Columbia, and the Wood, Bruneau, Boisé, Payette, Weiser and Salmon rivers, its principal branches, form the drainage system of the S. portion of the State; the principal rivers of the N. part are the Spokane, St. Joe, St. Mary's, Clearwater, Cœur d'Alêne, Priest, and North Fork of the Columbia. The entire State drains into the Columbia with the exception of a small portion in the S. E., which is drained by Bear river into the Salt Lake basin. A large area in the S. portion is drained by streams which sink a short distance from the mountains (the lost river drainage system) and find an outlet to the Snake river by subterranean channels. There are numerous lakes, including the Pend d'Oreille, Cœur d'Alene, Bear, Henry, and Payette lakes. There are many beautiful waterfalls in the State, the Snake river having four important ones, namely, Shoshone, a 210-foot fall, Twin, Salmon, and American Falls. The mean elevation of the State is about 4,700 feet. Geology. Most of the State is covered with Azoic, Eozoic, and Tertiary formations. Numerous fossils have been found, including the remains of the mastodon, elephant, tapir, monkey, alligator, and saurian families. Large portions of the State are of recent volcanic formation, and the whole region is noted for its geysers, steam and soda springs and natural hot baths.
Soil. The soil is largely of volcanic origin, and is very fertile when water is applied. The mountains are for the most part covered with forests, which are largely evergreen. The S. counties are covered with sage plains which, under irrigation, are well adapted to agriculture. The N. portion of the State and the upper portions of the Boisé, Weiser, and Payette valleys are cov ered with dense forests, the principal 48 2 R 118° k8 Marcus A Marble N Colville Columbia 47 3 Chewlah bine R.
Reardan 46 T • Grays Pond Oreille o0 f the Columbia Clark's R.
Fk.
B 116° C 115° 117° Porthill Addies Eastport Copeland. Sinclair Meadow Cr Snyder Kenney Eileen BOUNDARY Moravia, Lenia Ferry Priest L. McArthur Coolin Colburn Sandpointe Wrencoe Ponderay Priest River R.
Conners Ferry Naples Elmira Kooten CABINET Hope Laclede Sagleo Glengary Newport R o L.Pend Harlem Westmond Cabinet Granite Oreille Cement Spirit Lake Athol-Lakeview Twin Lakessey Corbin Spokane ElkB 70 Cheneyo 1 St.John Winona 4 45 5 Blanchard-o Fish Lakeo Colbert Kootena R Rexford D 114° E 113° F 112° N. Fk. of Flathead R.
Troy Jennings Atlanta Kalispel MTS. 0 Clarkfork Chilco Mt.Bald Mt.
Garwood Rathdrum Hay dên L.
Post Falls Gibbs Cœur d'Alene Spokane e Miga Mica Lake Noxon Trout Creek CCŒUR D'ALENE MTS.
Murray Prichard。 Coeur d'Alene Lane Cataldo Delta KOOTEΝΑΙ Carlin Bayo Lane Springston م Cataldo King Ge Wardner Regis Pass Harrisono Medimont/Kelloggo Sorrentoo Plummer, St. Joel Wallace Oakesdale Palouse R Colfax S Chatcoleto St. Maries Crown Pk.
R. Herrick BENEWAH S SHOSHONE Avery Tensed Desmet Mosco Lacrosse Pullman Snake 4 Pomeroy • Turner Dayton 6 Grand Ronde Elgin 0 Joe Santa Fernwood Clarkia Benewah, Emida Sanders Tyson Prin Cora o Freese-ceton Harvard o Collins Helmer Elko LATAH Bovill Viola Avono Troy Deary Nora Kendrick Dent Ivyo Park River Tan meron Juliaetta Southwick Myrtle Lelandi Spalding Fle Genessee Porters Lewiston Lapwal Troy R.
Wallowa Minum R.
Union R.
CEO/Cavendish Summit cakean Fletcher North FRAR Eagle Pot Mtn Thompson Plains St. Regis ) Flathead Flathead Lake Flathead R.
Missoula TER M R.
CLEARWATER Lolo Pass Pierce Orofino Pock Gfford ssell Rosetta Melrose R Greer o Fraser Woodland Mohler Kamiah Woodsidublin Nezperce o Glenwood Camer apwazo Culdesac WebboCuldesac Slickpoo Chesvoll Winchester Foresto Waha Enterprise Joseph North Powder Anthony 43 7 Powder Keating R.
Baker City Burnt R. Durkee Willow Ω R.
Snake Miner Dell Mathe Westfall Watson Owyhee Rattlesnake Cr E R R.
Cralg S Ο Harrisbure. Lolo inona Kidder Ferdinando Westlake CGreencreek Kooskia Cottonwood Stites Keuterville Denver 6 B Bald Mt Sherman Clearwater Pk.
Fk Middle Clearwater Grangeville Mt.Idaho Fenn Harpster Canfield • Tolo Whitebird Freedom Pittsburg Adams Lowell The Crags Mts.
Bolton Middle Essex G 111° H 110° IDAHO Cut Banko Midvale Kipp Medicine R. 10 SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 C 48 Fk. Flathead S. Fk. Flathead R.
Swan R.
Arlee Desmeto Missoula or Kooskooskie RO Grave Diablo Pk.
WAV Clearwater Newsome R Biy Bear Clearwater Mts.
Elk City Anderson Fk. Cie Nearwater R.
Goldeno Orgrande Red RPk Hot Surs DVD Buffalk Hump Lucile Goff Florence Riggins Pollock Powder River Mts.
R Helena Iron Springs RS Black Lake Landore- Cuprum Bear Salmon Lit.
Salmon R A Dixie H Knott Sheepwater Burgdorf Warren Secesh Cr Meadow Big Payette L.
Lardo MeCall ADAMS Norwood Dale Heath Goodrich Cambridge Council Donnelly P South Fk Salmon R.
Mt.
Mt. McGruder S St.
Marys Big Bonner Rock 일 Hamilton Stony Cr.
Nez Perce Pass Gibbons Pass Gibbonsville Mt.Salmon Ulysses Shoup Edwardsburg Jo Clover Big Comfort vinegar Hill Leesburg Logan Big or Ledcocks Stap Profile Yellow Pine Warm Spr. Sta Rainbow Mt. Roosevelt Roseberry Johnsons Cr .
Arling Knox Tanwyck Indian Alpine Midvale Salubria Valley WASHINGTON Crane Weiser R Wilburus eiser French pdo WE High Ola Fruitland PAYETTE Payette Pinehursto Cascade Thunder L Thunder Mt.
Mid. Ek. Salmon R.
Blackbird) Riv Blackfoot R.
Hell County Towns Railroads Chouteau N.
Fk.
N T Drummond Gate R.
Sun R.
Missouri R.
Marysville HELENA Canals 2 Great Falls AN A R Neihart 47 Garrison White Sulphur Sprs. 3 Lennep Wickes Townsend Dorsey Deerlodge Boulder Lombard Gallatino Logan R Philipsburg Rumsey Anaconda o Silverbow Hole Butte Whitehall Waterloo R.
Dillon Twin Bridges Aldero Norriso Virginia City RO Carmen Salmon R.
Baker Lemh Tendoy LEMHI IND RES.
Yellow Jacket Leml Agency Forney SLEMH Twin Pk Estes Pk.
Alpha Greyhound Mt. Custer Smiths Ferry Garden Valley) Lowinan Sweet! Banks Grimes New Plymouthonte Monten Vale Falkovo Letha Emmett Pearlo Parma Roswell Wilder o Notus Middleton Silver Mt.
Quartzburg Pioneerville Placerville o Centerville Hores Shoe Bend Hurt Bachelor Mt.
Red Fish Naomia-Pk.
Challis Bayhorse Robinson Salmon Clayton Ellis LEMHI May Wisdom C Junction ▼Bannister Patterson • Pansimer 18 Mile Cr.
Gilmore Goldburg C Hot E R Sawtooth- Mts.
Steel Mt. Atlanta Idaho City Shaffer Butte OBOIS Boise Sta Boisek Homesdale Caldwel Nampa Meridian Lydian C R.
Pickles Butte Kuna Enterprise Bowmont ADA Rockvilled of coor Wilson Melbs Guffey Sta.
Reynolds Murphy Dewey De Lamar Jordan R.
Owylee R.
R Lit. Owyhee 42 McDermitt Highland S Fk.
Middle Fk.
Steel Mt. • Rocky Bar Trinity Pine Sullivans Sprs.
White Hot Springs (Pierson P.O.) Chilly Dickey Willis Beaver Dead R.
Je Ferson Redrock Lima M Red Rock R.
Kilgore Medicine Lodge Nicholia, Blue Cr.
LOST RIVER MTS.
Little Lost Clyde Mackay Gatena Ph. Ryan Ph White Knob Leslie Smoky Mts.
Ketchum Darlington Grouse Cr.
Kaufman Reno Monteviewo Berenice Sweet Sageo • Moore Howe Lost River Lost Wood Wyndman Pk Antelope BUTTE R Gimlet O Hailey Muldoon Martin Arc BLAINE Crooks Bellevue Blaine Stanton Gannett Old Crater • Carey Camas Fairfield Magic Pichbo CAMAS Corral Soldier Little Camasi Hill City Mayfield Boise R ELMORE Orchard Thurman.
Sinker Oreana Silver City Boulder Cr North Fk.
Lowry Owyhee South Fk.
Castle Cr.
R W Grandview Canyon Garnet Bruneau o Mountain Home Glenns Ferry, Snake Hot Spring YHEE Wickahoney 9 Battle Cr Riddle DUCK VALLEY Marys Bruneau Cr R 6 Blanche Bliss Cr Malada o20 Big Wood Burns Burmah Wood Lit. Richfield LINCOLN Gooding Wendell 01 Hagerman Austin Clearlake R Shoshone MEINGIDOKA Dietrich E Butte Jerome JEROM Flat To Shoshone Eden Falls Hazelton Hansen Bublo Twin Falls Kimberly Stricker Rock Creek Roseworth. TWIN East Bruneau R Threecreek INDIAN RES.
N E A A A 117° B 116° Deep FAILS Gedar Salmon Falls R nidokaj Acequia Rupert Paul Burley Milner Broncho R Spencer Cr Madison R.
Bozeman Gallatin Yellowstone R. 46 Livingston 4 Gardiner 45 Graylingo Lyono B Reynolds Pass Lake L Henry S Cr.
Henrys Rea Camas Rolling Plain Sand and Lava AoldR K 10 Crater Small Dubois Camas Hamer Mud L.
Sinks Level 6 FREMONT Rice Ashton Marysville Chess Farnu St. Anthony nester Lillian Drummond YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL 5 Yellowstone L PARK Parger, Newdale Pierremen Halisade Teton Cy. Cler Salem Sugal Canyon C Rexburg MADISON JEFFERSON Circular Roberts o Butte enan o Lewisville Decraene Powell Idaho Falls Big 이 Cerro Grande East Butte...
Middle Butte Big Butte Pillar Butte --Rigby 이 con Herber Sunnydell Squirrel Felt Teronia Cache Driggs Tet LETON BoBig Hole Mts.
Bates Victor Heise South Iona Antelope Ammon BO Basaft Shelley BINGHAM Taber Wappele Springfield Tilden Aberdeen Rolling Lava Rosston Hey burn Albion Bed Wapio Yale Badger Pk Raft R Tsland ASSA Marion Locust Oakley Basin Almo Goose Or American Falls Canal Rich o Sterling Presto Blackfoot Ft. Hall FORT HALL Ross Fork INDIAN Pocatello American Falls Inkom Neeley 6 Bannock Willow Cr.
Black foot Pk.
Black foot Irwin Range Teton Snake River Ra.
Snake Rosa NEVILLE Herman John Grays Mts or SPECIES O Wayan Henry Hatoh Williamsburg CARIBOU Bancrofts Sterrett Alexander BANNOCK Alexas McOammon Lava Hot Robin o Central Grace Spiso Dempsey Avimo Turner Cove Thatcher Rockland POWER Hawkins Ianding o Malta Sublet Conant Elba Black Ping Ward Bridge Standrodo Na Mts. 115° Longitude D West 114° from E Greenwich 113° Arbon Mt.Elkhorn Downey Range Swanlake Soda Sprs.
Ra.
Glen Georgetown Bench Preu Lago Nounan Bennington Perry Sharon Liberty Blue Spring Oxford Treasureton E Holbrook Hills, o Stone Clifton 16 Salt 44 Jackson L.
Salt River Montpelier O • Geneva Alton Mink Creek BloomingtonDingle/ I M Bedford Pari Wardboro Raymond BEAR LAKE Border St. Charles Pegram Fishhaven Bear L.
Malad Samaria Dayton Preston Cherrycreek Weston Fairview Franklin F G Range Stanley Turnpike Cokeville 111° 6 43 7 H Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 3/4 IDAHO timber being white and yellow pine, fir, cedar, spruce, hemlock, and tamarack. Mineralogy. Gold, silver, and lead occur in abundance throughout all the mountains in the State. Large bodies of gold-bearing gravel are found along the Snake, Salmon, and Boisé rivers, the ous gold deposits. About one-third of the lead mined in the United States comes from the Cœur d'Alêne district.
The production and value of the principal metals in 1917 was as follows: lead, 196,780 tons, valued at $33,846,119; zinc, 38,927 tons, valued at $8,145,122; copper, 7,827,574 pounds, valued at $2,- 136,928; silver, 12,029,338 fine ounces, valued at $9,912,175; gold, 38,933 fine ounces, valued at $804,809. The total value of the mineral products of the State in 1917 was $55,244,026.
Agriculture. The N. part of the State is noted for its wheat. Ov Owing to the sheltered location of many of the irrigated valleys agricultural products cover a wide range. All cereals and the ordinary garden vegetables and small fruits are grown. Peaches, pears, apples, apricots, and prunes are the principal products of horticulture. The mountains of the S. portion afford exmountains of the S. portion afford exthe plains of the Snake river and its tributary valleys are rapidly being contributary valleys are rapidly being contion and value of the principal crops in 1919 was as follows: corn, 840,000 bushels, valued at $1,386,000; oats, 7,700,000 els, valued at $1,386,000; oats, 7,700,000 3,360,000 bushels, valued at $4,704,000; wheat, 18,705,000 bushels, valued at $38,- 345,000; hay, 1,625,000 tons, valued at $35,750,000; potatoes, 5,400,000 bushels, valued at $8,154,000.
Manufactures. There were in 1914, 698 manufacturing establishments in the State, employing 8,919 wage earners.
The capital invested amounted to $144,- 961,000; wages paid amounted to $7,- 491,000; value of materials used to $14,- 892,000; and the value of the finished product to $28,454,000. The principal articles of manufacture include flour and grist, railroad cars, lumber and timber products, printed matter, harness and grist, railroad cars, lumber and timber foundry and machine-shop products, clothing, tobacco, and cigars.
Banking. In 1919 there were 71 National banks in operation, having $4,385,- 000 in capital, $3,298,882 in outstanding circulation, and $18,643,000 in United States bonds. There were also 138 State banks.
Education. There are about 125,000 pupils in the public schools. The teach- IDAHO FALLS ers number about 3,000. The average salary of women teachers is about $73.00 a month and of men teachers about $95.00. The total expenditure for educational purposes is about $5,000,000 anschools, public normal schools, College of high schools (public), private secondary schools, public normal schools, College of Idaho and the University of Idaho.
Churches. The strongest denominabyterian, Congregational, Lutheran, and man Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregational, Lutheran, and Protestant Episcopal.
Railroads. The total railway mileage in the State in 1919 was 3,629 miles of single main line track. There was practically no new construction in the past years. The systems having longest mileage are the Oregon Short Line, the Northern Pacific, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul. Finances. The receipts for the bienwere $8,641,270, and the disbursements were $8,641,270, and the disbursements $9,121,013. There was a balance at the end of the year of $705,187. The State has a bonded debt of about $3,000,000.
Charities and Corrections. The chari- State include the Soldiers' Home at Boisé; Insane Asylum at Blackfoot; Nampa; and a penitentiary at Boisé.
Nampa; and a penitentiary at Boisé.
State Government. -The governor is elected for a term of two years. Legislative sessions are held biennially, and are limited in length to 60 days each.
The Legislature has 37 members in the Senate and 65 in the House. There are two representatives in Congress. The State government in 1920 was Republican.
History. Idaho was for years successively a part of Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Nebraska, and was explored early in the 19th century by Lewis and Clarke. A mission was established at Cœur d'Alêne in 1842, but till the discovery of gold in 1852 the State was visited only by hunters. Idaho was organized as a Territory, March 3, 1863, but in 1864 part of it was set apart as Montana and in 1868, another part, forming part of Wyoming. In the sumforming part of Wyoming. In the sumstitution and a petition for admission to the Union, being admitted the following year, the 30th State in order of admission.