Home › I › India (BRITISH an extensive region)
India (BRITISH an extensive region)
BRITISH, an extensive region of Southern Asia, celebrated during many ages for its riches and valuable natural productions, its beautiful manufactures and costly merchandise, the costly magnificence of its sovereigns, and the early civilization of its people.
HITHER INDIA is the central peninsula of southern Asia; its length may be stated approximately at 1,900 miles, and its width at 1,600 miles, with an area of about 1,300,- 000 square miles. Pop. about 320,000,- 000. The natural boundaries of this vast region are, on the N., the range of the Himalaya Mountains which separates it from Tartary, China, and Tibet; on the W. the Suliman Mountains divide it from Afghanistan and Beloochistan; on the S. the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Bengal; and on the E. the hill ranges which separate Chittagong and Assam from Burma. From the mouth of the Brahmaputra and the Indus the E. and W. coasts, inclining toward the same point, meet at Cape Comorin, and thus give give to South India the form of an irregular INDIA triangle. The two sides of the triangle have each a coast line of about 2,000 miles. India, from its great extent of sea-board, is essentially a maritime country. FARTHER INDIA is the usual name given to the S. E. peninsula of Asia. The great natural divisions of Hither India are the sub-Himalayan countries, the plain of the Ganges, the plain of the Indus, the highlands of northern Hindustan, and the peninsular portion of the country to the S. of the Vindhya Mountains.
Topography. - The sub - Himalayan countries form an elevated tract lying between the chief ridge of the Himalayas and the lower elevations which adjoin the plains of the Ganges and Indus.
The plain of the Ganges, which includes Bengal, Bahar, the Doab, Oude, and Rohilcund, is a vast alluvial flat, extending from the Bay of Bengal to the Punjab. Scattered over the agricultural districts, and massed in the great cities and towns, there are not less than 100,000,000 people. The plains of the Indus in the N. W. are less extensive than those of the Ganges, and are separated from the latter by the Aravulli Hills. The Punjab occupies the N. portion. S. of the Punjab, and parallel with the river, the great sandy desert of the Indus extends for nearly 500 miles. The horse and camel alone can cross this desert, which is described in Hindu geography as "the region of death." Like the Terai, it forms a great physical barrier which separates west and east India. The highlands of northern Hindustan extend from the Vindhya Mountains as a base to the border of the Thur. They include the tableland of Malwa and Rajpootana or Rajasthan, which has an elevation of about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. The peninsular portion of India, S. of the Vindhya Mountains, is called by the natives the Deccan.
The most remarkable geographical feature of the area is a central tableland-vast plateau-rising from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the sea, and inclosed on all sides by lofty mountains, between which and the sea, on the E. and W., are narrow strips of low, flat country, divided into several districts. From the low country on the coast to the central tableland the mountains rise abruptly in a succession of gigantic terraces or steps, and hence the name of "Ghauts."
Vegetable Productions. The vegetation of India is as varied as its soil and climate, passing from the flora of a tropical to that of an alpine region. The groves of palm that border the coast, and, in the interior, the umbrageous mango topes, are striking features of In- INDIA dian scenery. Rice is the chief article of food in India, and is produced in all parts of the country in which irrigation is practiced. Maize and wheat are the grain cultivated in the Northwest Provinces. Opium is one of the most valuable products of India. Coffee is largely produced in Ceylon, and the cultivation of the plant is rapidly spreading in INDIA given rise to an important trade. India rubber is another important product of Assam, the demand for which is increasing. In order to protect existing forests and extend the area of the timberproducing districts the Indian Forest Conservancy Department was organized.
Animals. The domesticated animals are horses, asses, mules, oxen, buffaloes, THE AMBER TEMPLE AT JAGAT HEREMAIN, INDIA south India. Tea cultivation is now carried on with success in Assam, and is spreading over all the hill countries of The northwest India. Cinchona, introduced from South America in 1860, has been naturalized with great success. growth of cotton has been much exnorthwest India. Cinchona, introduced The rhea, or jute plant, is grown in from South America in 1860, has been naturalized with great success. The sheep, and elephants. Of wild beasts the most formidable is the Bengal tiger.
The other beasts of prey are leopards, the cobra da capello or black-hooded wolves, jackals, panthers, bears, hyenas, lynxes, and foxes. Of poisonous snakes snake, the cobra manilla, and the sand snake are the most common.
Climate.-Hindustan proper may be said to have three well-marked seasons, INDIA -the cool, the hot, and the rainy. The climate of south India is greatly regulated by the monsoons. The central table-land is cool, dry, and healthy. Social System and Government. -Two of the most striking peculiarities of the social condition of the Hindus are the iron institution of caste and the village system. The latter is very simple. A village in Hindustan is a district embracing an area of some hundreds or thousands of acres of land, and is under the administration of native functionaries, the principal of whom is the potail ("head inhabitant"), a kind of chief magistrate. Under this simple form of municipal government the inhabitants of the country have lived from time immemorial.
Agriculture and Industries. - The chief industry of India is agriculture. Out of a total population of about 313,000,000 nearly 225,000,000 are engaged in this form of industry. Rice is the largest product. There were, in 1918-19, 23,- 672,000 tons produced; of wheat there were 7,502,000 tons; of cotton, 3,671,000 bales; of jute, 6,955,600 bales; and of sugar cane, 2,337,000 tons. The production of tea in the same year was 380,- 459,000 pounds. The total area under cultivation was about 275,000,000 acres.
After agriculture, the most important industry is the weaving of cotton cloth.
Other industries are silk rearing and weaving, shawl and carpet weaving, wood carving, and metal working. The tea industry employs nearly 800,000 persons. The area planted with tea in 1918-19 was about 625,800 acres.
There are over 235 cotton mills, and over 1,500 cotton ginning, cleaning, and pressing mills and factories. The cloth production in 1919 was 349,580,450 pounds. Mineral Production. - The mineral production in 1917, the latest year for which figures are available, amounted to £13,266,566. The most important product is coal, which was valued at £4,- 511,645. Gold was produced with a value of £2,221,889. Other minerals of value are petroleum, manganese ore, salt, and saltpetre.
Commerce. The total exports for the year ending March, 1919, amounted to $823,574,016, and the imports to $548,- 389,663. The exports considerably exceed those of March, 1914, while the imports are about $50,000,000 less. The chief articles of import are cotton manufactures, cotton yarn, iron and steel, machinery, copper, woolens, and chemicals. The principal articles of export are tea, wheat, rice, rice meal and flour, and barley. The bulk of the trade is with the United Kingdom.
INDIA Transportation. There were in 1919 36,616 miles of railway. Of these, 7,- 308 miles were owned by the State and 19,107 were worked by companies. The other lines were conducted under various conditions. There were in 1919 69,283 post offices and 10,373 telegraph offices.
Education. The educational institutions are of two classes, those in which the courses of study conform to the standards prescribed by the Department of Public Instruction and are known as public, and those which do not fulfill these conditions, and are called private.
The total number of institutions for instruction in 1919 was 196,919. These were attended by 7,948,058 scholars.
There were 128,480 primary schools for males and 19,385 for females. The colleges numbered 185 for males and 16 for females, attended by 61,827 males and 11,109 females. The colleges are affiliated with the five universities, at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, the Punjab, and Allahabad. A Hindu university has recently been established at Benares, and another university at Poona. A university has also been created for the Mysore state.
Finance. The revenue retained by the government in India for its own purposes and for meeting the expenditure incurred by the Secretary of State in England, is assigned as imperial, while that used by the local government is called provincial. The imperial revenue is derived chiefly from land revenue, opium, and other taxes. It amounted in 1918 to £82,060,000. The provincial revenue amounted to £35,888,000. The total revenue was £121,186,000. The total expenditure was £125,754,000. The chief expenditures are for civil salaries, military services, interest on railway debts, etc. The total debt of British India in 1919 amounted to £456,294,269.
Defense. The military forces in India consist of the British Regular Forces, the Native Army, the Volunteers, and the Imperial Service Troops, all under the control of a commander-in-chief who is a member of the viceroy's council. At the outbreak of the World War the army in India was composed of about 75,000 British troops and about 240,000 native troops. The total number of native troops recruited during the war, up to Nov. 11, 1918, was 1,161,789. The defense force act was put in force in 1917 and by its terms compulsory service was applied to European and British subjects, between the ages of 16 and 50. The total number of British and native troops sent from India to France, Mesopotamia, East Africa, Egypt, Galipoli and other fronts numbered 1,215,338.
TURKESTAN 34 2 or Oxuz Kundus Afghan Tufkistan Faisabad Mts.
Hindu Kush KABUL Kabul R.
Shekhabad FGHANIST A PAMIR Kala Pendish CHITRAL Chitral Kanar Mastui Dir RS Tashkurgan Hunza N Tashkhana Shimshal STER N S Khotan A E Banji Ronda Chilas Astor Skardo Mt. Godwin Austin Pass Kizil Jilga Lingri Then Palas Nanga Parbat Kargil Kharmang Baltistan Dabni Murghi Maaufurabad Amb NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVI Ghasni Western Sulaiman its War Kuram Thal Edwardesabad Sulaiman Hills Ct. Sandeman b Thob B BRITISH, oralai Anamber BALUCHESTAN 30 Quette 3 26 4 KHELAT 22 5 Surah Kosdar BALU H Harnai Naushahra o Attock Srinagar Suru Leh Suru Ladakh Tanke ISLANDS Zangla Zanskar Shushal Padam Sombrero Channel R-Bundia Jehlam Kheura Gujrat KATCHALL Plains Ku Rupshu Kangar Chamba Laki Pin Dadan Khan Bhera CAR NICOBAR Dera Ghazi Khan Leiah вприт Sialkot Gurdeepur B Jalandhur Simla Hanle Garhwal Penang Dehra NI Lanak Pass Rudok Demchok Lankhar ingmath Tot MA nath Badrina Nan Jhang Ten Degree Channel.
Ray Kapurthala Firozpur Montgomery Bン Ludhiang Kalkap Dipalpur Fazilk Nabba oo Patiala Febrinagar Saharanpur Hardwar Panipat Deeband 10 LITTLE ANDAMAN Ghazi 1 Muzaffargarh uz Thal Deva Klan Sutlej Kitakic Lindsay Gandava Bhatinda Duncan Passage Khairpur Bahawalpur koh Ahamdpur Chankot Kahan us Jacobabad Larkana Sukkur Shikarpur Rohri Khirpur Tayal Meharo Naushahro Khanpur 7 Bikampur Sirea Rhatnair Hissar Port Blair ISLANDS SOUTH ANDAMAN Mahajan Dulinera RAkaner Jadu Khairpur, Jaisalmer wans IAN D Gulam Hala Shahdaldpur Kotris B Umarkot Thar Barmer Hyderabad Bakhasar Jerruckom Karachi Tatta Mouths ofー the Indus Tando Muhammad Khanad Mughalbhin a Pokaran • Delwa UNagaur Keria 0 Sil Garhi 78° Longitude D East 82° from E Greenwich86 Cable Dhaulagiri Sa • Kotdwara Almor Bijnaur Naini Tai UNITED Kathgodam N Bhiwano Rohtak Rampur Morand DELHI A Morgan G N Rewari Salena o Naipalganj Palpa L Khurja Budaun Aligarh Chandaus Bareilly Lakhin inpar RROVIN。 Alwar Muttra ShahjalfNCES Bahraich Fatehpur Sambhar L. Jaipurs Ajmere Nasirabad Merta Road bra Sh Sitapu D Salang Than B E Gosa Than Mt. Everest Bhatgaon • KHATMANDU A Tulsipur Bhartpur Aro Mainpuri banga Grandad Moharajaryo Dholpur Etarbucknow Kishangarh Karaulig. Bhindo AJMERO Jodhpur o Preparis Smith Channel PREPARIS 1.
Disa Shahbandar Roof Outer Deodara Bhuj Sindri Palio Raw Tonk Chambal Gwalior o Jalor Ara Bundi Bhilyara Sirohi Chitor Kotak Baran Nimbhera Rad Radhanpuro Abhol Patan Cute Mundvi Morvi G.of Cutch Dwarka Nuwanagar Porbandar A RA B 18 Cable 4 On aiya Unao Oudu Gorakhpur Aurai Dal Ganges Datiyaamarpurges 0 Chanderi Lalitpur Goona Udaipur Sadrio Nimach Jhalra Patan Palabpur Partabgarh Manosaur Kherath Dungarpur Banswara Jaora Bhilsa Dhangadra Wadawan Kala Henzada Tehri Ammadabad Vijijaln Rotlamhopal Garda Kaira Nadiad Dholera Chandod Bhaunagar Gogo Jetbpur Kathiawarg Mangrol Verawal to Aden I A N 50 100 Prome Jafarabad Diu bay Godhra Hoshangabad Dhat Indore Narbada Mhow Barwal Khandwai Nandod Satpura Range Tapt Bhusawal Faizabad Azamgarho J Bettia Bramaputr Madras 28,150 TUM LON • Sindhulia Taplang Bhairaghia Dhankutao Darbhangah Tuzaffarpur B aunpuro Y A Mau Manikpur Behares Panna Tehri N D Binage Sagar Deor Maihar Mirzapur bana Jalpaiguiri Nellore Ararivac Bho caipur Hajipur d Arrah Patna wao Sitlahaco Shanganj Son Damah Katni Janakpur R Sohagpur Jabalpur Narsinghpur Bardi R.
Mo Purniah LASSA Tassgong BHUTAN Taga Zong Diwan Thar E peta Phubro. Dhubri Rarpe Didaipur Rangpur of Mouths arun Mahanabad Shertghati d Naya Gan English Bazar Rograo R.
Dhirang Jong ezpur Gauhati SS Goalpara AS R Nasirabad
Sirajang Gaya Deogarho Dumka Mouth&of the Godavari Yanaon (Fr.) Cocanada Coringa Rangarh Sanhat Pratabpur Pabna Goalanda Murshidabad Katwax Benga Raul Purulia Bardwang
Chutia Nagpur Bankurd brakestar Jashpurnagaro Kharsawan Rabkol Sarajkala Pendra) Seoni Maikal Range Kawardha Sakti Suadi CENTRA Bilaspur Sarangarho Pachmarhio Mohpani Harda Badaur R. Elitehpur Bhandara Ellichpur Kumthi Nandgaon Jagannatt Harishpur Mahanadi amo Surat Dhulia Melkapигo Dharampur Port) Daman (Port.) Chandoro Manmad Chalisgaon Khamgaon Nasik Aurangabad Basimo Jawhar 9 Kafyan SALSETTE Bombay Pauwel Alibagh 8 Janjira Bhor o Bankot Dabhol Satara Patan TROPIC CANCER OF LACCADIVE That Cha Naaf Ahmednuggar Cox's Bazar the Maskha Dharur Dhond Bhima Mahabaleshwar Mouths of the Edalabad Nirviel Indore Chinur P Jeksar Madaripur Chandaragar ckhulua Malkangir Warangal A Jaipur SambalouroA Kauriya Patna Nowagarh Dod Daspalla Russellkonda Cutta Dod Raigarn Abirl Ampani Kasipur Jagdalpur ironcha Dantewara HYDERABADA Baster To Barsi (NIZAM'S DOMINIONS) Kelgandal Nagar Pandharpur Sholapur Ratnagirio Sangli Jath Bidar K A Jaipur Malkangir Warangal S Nilgiri Orissa Jajpur o Cuttac Ganjar Berhampur Baripada Balasor Dhamra Port Caping ond Har Nowgong Shillong Sylhet Naraingan Kohima ra Punji Silchar Ba Ilkal Moirang LaKi 34 2 。 30 3 Sadiya Dibrugarh Bibsagar 26 Golaghat 9890 • Manipu do Katha M
Kungaung TROPIC OF OF CANCER Kaliganj 4 Branman Agartala Comillah Kalemy Hyderabad Sudharam Haka TATES Kangar Bidar Mandalay 22 Manikpu Bandarban Maskha Khunchu Pakokku Cox's Bazar Ku Naaf
Mouths of the Ganges Mouths of the Mahanadi Harishpur Jagannatt Raipur Gopalpur Barwa Kalingaratam Chicarole Bimlipatan Golkondaoo Secunderabad Yellande tampa Anakapalle Vizagapatam Khamamat Tuni Hyderabad
Devarkonda Nalgonda, Ellore Cocanada Kulbarga Yadagiri Chanapura Kurundwad Muddebihal Malwan Wari Vengurla Kaladģio Belgaim
Nova Goa (Panjin) Hoa Dharwar Port. Marmagao ISLANDS 4 300 Kal Оло Кора Hospet GOA Londa H Karwar Kumpta Honawur Kandapur Barkur Mulki G Pangal Karnul Adoni Bellary, Gun Gunta Gooty Rajamahendri Bezwaka Kolas D Gunturo R Nandial Nizampatam Cumbun Ongol Sandur MA-DRAS Kavali Sirsi RanibennuAnantapur Harihar Chitaldrug Cuddapah Shimoga Kadirio Kadur Sira Tumkur MYSORE Hassano Hassano Bangalore Mangalore Bantwal INDIA
SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 200 SCALE OF KILOMETERS
Important towns are shown in heavy face type Railroads Canals 400 500 000 Terkara Sidhaut Nellore Coringa Yanaon (Fr.)
Mouths of the Godavari Deogarho Mouths of the Kistha SRIHARIKOT 1.
Gurramkonda Pakala Tirupati Pulicat Kolar Vellore Chittur 2 Arcot Madras Conjevaram orka Seringaratam Wandiwash hengalpat Cannamored 0 Mysore Collegal Mahe Tellicherri (Pr.) Calicut Beypur Salem Atur Pondichery Fr.
Panroti Cuddalore Porto Novo Mayavarum Tranquebar Karikal (Fr.) • Odorcamund Combacorum Bramaputra Porani Trichinopor Kodungarlur حد Cochin Alleppi Trichur/ Pudukotta Adrampet Negapatam Madura Tondi Palk Strait Satur Devikota Travanconerelli Quilon Kollam Ramnad Jaffna Gulf of Pt. Pedro Manar nevelli Tuticorin Fum Palaikotta Kayalpatnam Anuradha Aniengo Trivandrum Kolachel Nagarkoil Manar Puttalam Cape Comorin 2 a 0 C Mullaitivu 0 Trincomali B AY ENG B Cable Tamankaduwa CEYLON Kurunegala Battikaloa Polgahawelo Kandy D Negombo Nuwara, Badulla Komariya COLOMBO Eliya Bandarawela Hambantot Kalutara Galle Matara Little Bassas Great Bassas INDIA N Myebon Minba Bombay Mrohaung (Ar Akyab Combermere B Kyauk-pyu Manaung Ram Prome B 18 Henzada Kwa Rangoon 0 F C. Negrais the Irawadi Mouths of the PREPARIS 1.
Preparis&th Channel GREAT C Coow Channel 14 6 A L to Penang 0 NORTH ANDAMAN MIDDLE ANDAMAN 7 Port Blair ISLANDS SOUTH ANDAMAN Duncan Passage LITTLE ANDAMAN 10 Ten Degree, Channel.
CAR NICOBAR CAMORTA KATCHALL 1.
Sombrero Channel 8 ISLANDS GREAT NICOBAR 6 Kota Radja SUMATRA 19 OCEAN 78° Longitude D East 82° from E Greenwich 86° F 90° G 94° H A 70° B pyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 النسيم w INDIA INDIA The casualties numbered about 115,000. tive Assembly consists of 144 members, By the end of 1919 only about 13,000 of whom 26 are officials, and 103 are British troops remained to be demobil- elected. The Council of State exists for ized in India. five years and the Assembly for three years.
The various departments of govern- Government. The present form of government of India results from the missionary. Important changes in the government of the provinces were 1916 and in 1919. The administration eral's executive council. For adminisary. Important changes in the is assisted by a council of from 8 to 12 India, who resides in England and who administrations, each of which has a govis assisted by a council of from 8 to 12 ernor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commembers. In 1919 power was given for missionary . the appointment of a high commissioner government of the provinces were wwwwwwwww min www Πτην mmmmmm www мши 1 mmmy THE GOLDEN TEMPLE AT AMRITSAR, INDIA of India, to whom may be delegated powers by the Secretary of State respecting contracts.
In India, the supreme executive authority is vested in a Governor-General Council. The governor-general, or viceroy, is appointed by the Crown and holds office generally for five years. There is a legislature consisting of the governorgeneral and two chambers, the Council of State and the Legislative Assembly.
The Council of State consists of not more than 60 members, of whom not more than 20 are officials. The Legislafect in 1920. This brings about brought about by the Government of India Act of 1919, which went into ef- fect in 1920. This brings about a India Act of 1919, which went into efgreater amount of self-government than heretofore existed. a Religion, Philosophy, History, etc.- Hindu theology is contained in the ancient books of the Vedas, which inculcate the worship of the deities, Brahma, souls, and their final absorption into the deity. Buddhism had also its origin in Hindustan, and Mohammedism now ex- tensively prevails. Philosophy, science, INDIA and the arts were cultivated from an early period by the Hindus, especially the domestic arts of weaving, dyeing, and working in metals and gems. From the earliest records of history the nations of the Western World derived their merchandise from India. The country was entered and partly subdued by Alexander the Great. About 126 B. c. it was also invaded by the Tartars, or Scythians of the Greeks. From the 10th to the 12th century of the Christian era the Mohammedans overran and conquered considerable portions of Hindustan, and sub- INDIA coast of 5 square miles, transferred in 1653 to Madras. A short time previous a settlement had also been obtained at Hooghly, which afterward became the Calcutta station. In 1687 Bombay was erected into a presidency. In 1773, by act of the British Legislature, the three provinces were placed under the administration of a governor-general, and Calcutta was made the seat of a supreme court of judicature, the presidencies of Madras and Bombay being made subordinate to that of Bengal. Hitherto the affairs of India had been managed by the AN على TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, INDIA sequently the Mogul empire was formed.
In 1428 India was first visited by Vasco de Gama, and later the Portuguese and Dutch established settlements on the peninsula, but the former never acquired more than a paltry territory on the W. coast, and the latter a few commercial factories. The French influence in India, at one time considerable, also yielded to the superior enterprise of the British, and finally the French relinquished the field. In 1625 the first. English settlement was made by a company of merchants in a small spot of the Coromandel East India Company, but in 1784 a board of control was appointed by the government, the president of which became secretary of state for India. From the year 1750, when the warlike acquisition of territory commenced under Lord Clive, a succession of conquests, almost forced upon the British contrary to their inclinations, have now placed nearly all India under their sway.
The early part of British rule was marked by wars with the native princes.
Indeed, British power was maintained only by constant fighting. Gradually, INDIA INDIA RUBBER however, all the fierce tribes were con- became viceroy. King George, accomnowe quered, although at great cost of men panied by Queen Mary, visited India in and money. The most important cam- 1911 and was enthusiastically received. paigns carried on during these years In spite of its internal disturbances, at were the First Burmese War, from 1823 the outbreak of the World War in 1914 to 1828; the Afghan War, which resulted the country at large showed great loyin British disasters, in 1842; the con- alty to the British Crown. Many of the quest of Sind by Sir Charles Napier, Indian princes volunteered for service. chiefly due to the introduction of modern 1845-6; and the Second Burmese War, other battlefields, where they greatly disfrom 1849 to 1852. By 1856 India was tinguished themselves by their courage apparently conquered, and was compara- and endurance. During the progress of Government. There had been a failure that year, however, dissatisfaction arose and became widespread. This chiefly due to the introduction of modern European improvements and by the annexation policy adopted by the British Government. There had been a failure on the part of English officers to respect the religious feelings of their Indian sub- Queensland. During the ea was throughout India and martial law was Much of the trouble was due to propaganda caused by the Mohammedan agitations and by Hindu priests. Lord Hardinge was succeeded in 1916 by Baron Chelmsford, formerly jects. This aroused the religious preju- April, 1919, serious disturbances declared in some parts of the Empire. dices of the natives, especially the Hin- curred in India. These were scattered governor early part of of осdus. Dissatisfaction broke out on May over a wide area, and were largely due 10, 1857, and is known as the Sepoy to legislation enacted for the purpose of Mutiny, from the fact that a large part suppressing sedition. During 1919 measof Sepoy troops were among the muti- ures were considered in the British Parneers. Their insurrection rapidly spread liament for changes in the Government until practically by Earl Reading as Governor-General in 1921.
Lord Chelmsford was succeeded in India were in danger. The principal events of the struggle were the siege of Lucknow, which is one of the most famous sieges of history, and the siege of Cawnpore. Follow of the mutiny, was transferred to the British Crown in 1858. From that time no serious out- Following the suppression ny , the government of India break has occurred, although small wars have occurred yearly. Queen was proclaimed Empress of India, in 1877. Burma was formally annexed by the English on in 1898. He devoted himself with great Curzon of Kedleston became viceroy the English on Jan. 1, 1886. Lord in 1898. He devoted himself with great energy to combat plague and famine, Jan. 1, 1886. Lord from which the country was suffering.
ly all the British residents of India. Lon een Victoria then Tibet was opened to British trade as a result of the exposition of 1903. Benresult of the exposition of 1903. Ben- Tibet was opened to British trade as a sulted in much bitterness of feeling among the natives. Lord Curzon resigned in 1905, chiefly as a result of the controversy with Lord Kitchener over the conduct of military affairs. The Earl of Minto was appointed as successor. During his administration there was much discontent, caused chiefly by the wide and swift spread of radical theories among the natives, and a very definite desire for Home Rule. This feeling was stimulated by the victory of Japan over Russia. The government took strong measures to suppress the agitation and at the same time introduced many reforms. In 1910 Lord Hardinge their attention to their Christian con- Denmark. England's first missionary effort was put forward by the Society verts. The earliest Protestant missionaries in India came from Holland and for the Propagation of the Gospel, and commenced in the beginning of the 18th The Catholic missions now confine century by aiding the Danish mission alentire number of Indian Protestants in India is about 500,000. the Christian Knowledge Society, which ready established in South India. The a list of the governors-general of India, Governors-General. -The following is with the dates of their appointments. century by aiding the Danish mission al- commenced in the beginning of the 18th Sir Earl (Marquis) Corn- Lord Canning, 1855. 1785.
J. McPherson, entire number of Indian Protestants in ready established in South India. The wallis, 1786.
Earl Dalhousie, 1847. ing, 1844. a list of the governors-general of India, Governors-General.-The following is of Mornington Earl of Mayo, 1868.
Lord Elgin, 1862. 1798.
Marquis 1863.
Lord Lytton, 1876.
Ripon, J. Shore), 1793 .
Earl with the dates of their appointments. India is about 500,000. 1805.
Sir G. Barlow, 1805.
Earl of Minto, 1807.
Earl Moira (Marquis Earl Amherst, 1823. of Hastings), 1813.
Lord Bentinck, W.
Lord Auckland, 1835.
Lord Earl Dalhousie, 1847. ing, 1844.
Lord Elgin, 1862. Lord Canning, 1855. 1880. of Earl Dufferin and Ava, 1884.
Marquis of downe, 1888.
Lands- Lord Curzon, 1898.
Lord Elgin, 1893.
Lord Chelm Sir H. (Lord) Hard- Lord Hardinge Earl INDIAN ARCHITECTURE