Irawadi
or IRRAWADDY (ir-awäd'i), the principal stream in Farther India, E. of the Brahmaputra. It rises in lat. 28° N., lon. 97° 30′ E.; and, directing its course W. S. W., passes the cities of Amarapura and Old Ava. In lat. 21° 45' it is joined from the N. W. by the Kyanquayn river; and in lat. 17° 50′ it divides into two branches, one of which, running to the S. W., passes the town of Persaim or Bassein; the other, running to the S. E., passes Rangoon. Among the banks of this river the greater part of the Burmese dominions is settled.
Length, about 1,200 miles.
IRBIT (-bit'), a town of the Russian government of Perm, 1,170 miles nearly due E. of St. Petersburg. Its celebrated fair, fair, held in February, is next to that of Nijni-Novgorod, the most important in the empire. Pop. about 20,000.
IRELAND (in Irish, Erin; in Latin, Hibernia), is separated from Great Britain on the E. by the Irish Sea, and surrounded on all sides by the North Atlantic Ocean. Measured diagonally, the greatest greatest length, from Mizen Head in the S. W., to Fair Head in the N. E., is 300 miles; and the greatest breadth, from Carnsore Point in the S. E., to Benwee Head in the N. W., is 212 miles; the central breadth, nearly between the bays of Dublin and Galway, is 110 miles; area, 32,531 square miles. Pop. about 4,390,- 000. Ireland is divided into four provinces of Leinster, Ulster, Munster, and Connaught, and into 32 counties; capital, Dublin; chief towns, Belfast, Cork, Limerick, and Londonderry. Geology and Minerals. The mountains are formed of vast masses of Primary and metamorphic rocks, while the Secondary formations spread over the interior. Basaltic rocks are almost entirely confined to the N. E., where they often form colonnades, of which the Giant's Causeway is a celebrated specimen. Granite has its largest develop- 4 A B 9° IRELAND TORY 8° Malin Hd 7° INISHTRAHULL GARVAN IS.
Hd.
Trawbreaga B. Malin Culdaff/B.
Fanod Hd.
Dunaff Hd Mulroy B.
Horn Head Sheep Haven Carricka Tory Sound INISHBOFINO Bloody Foreland SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 10 20 30 40 50 55 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ARAN 1. 2 3 54 4 5 6 TIC L A N T A SCALE OF KILOMETERS Canals Important towns are shown in heavy face type Important Rallways County Seats are underlined thus: Galway ວ E A Gweedore B.
GOLA LOO OWEY ١٠ CRUIT Burton Kort Trawenagh Gweebarra B Dawros CLOCH Ballyness Bunbeg Cveedore Crossroad ELY Errigal doung Port S Cranford Pollan B Ballylifi Lough Rath Kinnagoe B.
Culdaff arndonaghol INISHOWEN PEN.
Slieve Snaught Qunglow Derryveagh Mts L. Glen Milford NCH ROSSES Muff Warren Inishowen Hd.
Magilligan Pt.
E eway 6° F SCOTLAND NORTH Mull of RATHLIN I.
Bengore Hd.
Ballintoy Downhill Portrush Giants Stewar Loughán Moville Redcastlep Buncrana oGarrowke Lough Foyle Muff Ballykelly WD Londonderry Garvagh Kilren Rathmelton Furland Burnto Churchill Cunningha Glendowan Kilmacrenan charry Letterkenny Newtown St. Johnstowno DONEGAL inntown Loughros More BuVaran o Mans Loughros Beg B Glen Hd.
Glenties Killygordon Raphoe borde Bally borey on Castlennn Clochan Milltowno Ardara Bluestack Mourner Castlederg Glen Malinmore Hd Malinmore RATHLIN O'BIRNE Killybegs Carrigan Mount- Milltown o Killy bege Fintragh B charlesOR Barnesmore M Barnesmore Clare Donegal Ballyetragh T Donegal Bay Laghy St.Johns Pt.
R. Drows Mullaghmore inlough O INISHMURRAY Milk Haven Coonamore Pt Lenadoon Pt Killala Bay Downpatrick Hd Bunatranır B Doonfeenyo Belderg Har Rathlacken Lacken B BROAD HAVEN STAGS OF Benwee Hd KID 1.
Broad Haven Erris Hd EAGLE Bel Annagh Hd Binghamstown' N.INISHKEAS S.INISHKEA DUVILLAUN MORE I BLACK RK.
TH MULL Inver Derrycorib mon Blacksod Bay Saddle Hd Doogort Achill Hd.
Inishgall Keel B.f ACHILLBEGI CLARE 1.
Beetle Hd Emlagh Pt.
CAHER INISHTURK INISHBOFIN INISHSHARK Ballynakill Har.
HIGH 1 CRUAGH 1 Mannin B.
Slyne Hd.
Ballyconeely Brandon Hd.
Ballyaavid Hd.s Smerwick Har 7 Sybil Hd. 0 GT, BLASKET Ve phooma heen Ballycastle Palmerstowng Sl. Fyach Killala L. Carrowmoore Rosserk Bangor Bellacorick Br.
Abbey Ballina Crossmolina?
L.Conn R. Owenmare Nephin Beg Mt. Nephin Mt.
Cashcamearragh Mts.
L. Bettra Knoc more L.Levally MA Newport Bellavar Streedagh Pt Grange Sligo Bay Ballysadar Aughris Inishcrone Carno Tubbrid- Ballintra Pettigoe Ballyshannon R Colerain Benevenag Macosquin Limavady Macfinn Donalds Hill Bushmills 。 Cantire Benmork or Fair Hd.
Torr Hd.
Cushendun Glenart Red B Hallycastle Dervock Knocklay Armoy Cushendall Ballymoney Pharis Dunloy Parkmore Finvoy Clogh Aghafatten LONDONDERRY Rasharkin Claudy Carn Dunnamanagh Ballymagorry Mt Ma Maghera Sperrin Strabane Draperstowno 0 SANDA 1.
CHANNEL Garron Pt. lltown Carnlough Glenarm Ballygally Hd.
Swatragh Gully backey Broughshane Carncastle Portglenone Bellaghy o Larne ISLAND Larne Lough Glenoeo Glynn MAGEE White Hd Black Hd.
Rilroot Ballymena...
ANTRIM L.Leg Bells Connor Glenceo Randalstown Ballyclare Castle Dawson Cranagh Carickmore Six Towns Magherafelt Toome Carrickfergus Newtown) Gortin Rousky Moneymoreo Ballyronan Drumquin Tack Ederny Kesh ng L. Erne Melvin Church Diffony atrison Derrygonnelly, Monea Jarney Mountfield Cookstown N Belfast Lough Bangor COPELAND I.
Antrim British ish Whitehouse Orumlin Legoniel Holy wood Donaghadee dre Loughra Bellatallying Nowtowards O Carrickmore Pomeroy Stewartstown Glenavy Omagh Beragh Cross Dungannono Mize Six Mile Coal-Island Neagh Dunmurry Maghery Derrya Lurgan Moirn Gilford carret Strangford Comber Moneyreagh 20 Lisburn Saintfield 。 Hillsborough Ballynahinch Dromore BB Charlemont Benburb Portadown Rich Hil Killylea o Tanderagee D Armagh Markethill Lough brickland Dromore Fintona Lowtherstown o Trillick Ballygawley Aughero Bellanamallard Clabby Auchnacloy Clogher Tonea Tempo Five Mile Town own Emyvaleo Brookeborough Glaslough Maguires Br.
Enniskillen or Kiltycloger FERMANAGH Manor Hamiltono L.Gill Black Lion romore Mts Ballygadare Coolaney orballyy L. Easky Si.Gamph Talt Ballymote Aclare Belcoo Lisbella Drumore LiChalough Upper lisnaskea realitaire Steven L. Erne Butler Clones Drumkeeran looney Riverstown Tobercurry L. Arrow Carrowilkin Ballina orteen fad Allen Caledon CANAL Banbridge 0 Crossgar WY Downpatrick Dundrum town ARMA GOH paynzpass Castlewellan Middletown Scotstown Loug N Carrowdore Bally walter Grey Abbey Kiroubbin Glastry Cloghy Portaferry Seangford Killard Pt.
Ballyhornan Ardglass Town St.Johns Pt.
Miner Killough an Keady Me Norris Rathfriland Magheru Clontibret Hamiltown Hilltown Mts. Dundrum Newtown Newry.rne Newcastle FER Monaghan ULSTE Stranoodan Newtown Uliss MONAGIHAN Gullion Rockcorry Bally bay Cooterim Castleblancy Killa Swanlinbar, Derryling roy Ballyconnello Ballymagauran Belturbet Redhill Aana Ballinamore Drumshanbo.c R Bellaby GarBogle Foxford Curry Swineford Kilkelly Newport B. Derry coosh of Castlebar Kiltamagh EN ulra Clew Bay Westport Barrycarra Ballyglass Louisburgh Patrick Kilkeeran Mulrea Mt.
Mar Ballina.co tello Ballate Mayo Hollymount Ballyhaunis p Ballindine Milltown Ballyhaise Killashandra Lr Oughter Drumbillagh Carrigalleno CA Carrick on Ballaghadereen Jamestown Frenchpark L.Boder Drumod L Croaghan ShannonCloone Arvagh Elphin Loughglinn Tulsk Strokestown Castlereagh Q Ballintober Cloontuskert Partry Mts LoCarra Claremorris Ballinlough--Ballintober Skillary Leena Strenuistown Mask 。 JOYCES COUNTRY Ashford Cong ove Clifden Pins Mamturk Mts.
ONNEMARA Bertraghboy B.
CROAGHNAKEELA MWEENISH U Kilkieran Bay Golam Hd.
GOR North Sound ARAN A Ca Stradone Jonesborough lingford Mou St. Donard Rosstrevor Kilkeel stle Bay Annalong Pi.
Crossmaglen Cyford Lough Bellatrain Carrick Dundalk macross Kingscourt AN Mohill Scrabb Bellananagh Bailieborough Dallyjamesdjiff LSheelin Ramor Finiten Me.Nugent Gowna Drumlish Roosky LoForbes Newtown Louth Drumcondra R. Dee Dundalk Gargangreen Bay Castlebellingham agassan Kilnaleek Virginian Kihnainham Nobber Ardee Dunloer Forbes Granard Edgeworthstown Meynalty Siddan Carlans- Collon Drogheda Kells town Slane Coole Crossakeelo Kilskeer Bohermen R. Duleek Clonmellon Navan M E A H ker Longford Rathor Castlepollard Bally moe Roscommon Lanes Ardagh Milltown vn Glenamaddy Fuerty Creggs Dunmore Kilnalag Round for Ballinrobea Neale Shrule Moyne Cas.
Headford Clare Oughterard MARGONNAUGHT Drumgriffin G nveran Moycullen Galway Salthill Spiddle Barna Kinvarra Galway Bay INISHMCRE. Black Hd ISLANDS Inevarra INISHMAAN Ballyvaghan INISHEER South Sound Fisherstré Newtown Bellew Scregg Ballygar Mount Bellew Castle- Menlough. oblakeney Monivea A Ahascragh Claregalway Athenry Orunmore Craughwell Stradbally Ardrahan Kinvarra Turlough o Gort Lisdoonvarna L Cooter borough Ree Barry oven L. Deryavaraghe Collinstown M Multyfarnhamo Ballivor o Ballinagarrigy Delvin T Killudan ry Ballymakon Abbey-We Lower Brideswell Suck Carrowreagh Y Balinasloe Killconnell Cloonfad Laurencetown o Kiltormer shrule ANA Ballymore Mullingar uburn MEAT Kinnegad Athlone Shannon LEnnell ο Athboy Trim Tara Co Kilmessan Ardeath IRISH Lisk Loughshirny SEA LAMBAY 1.
Clogher Hd.
Drogheda Bay Boyne Mornington Laytown Nanny Balbriggan Skerries Garristown Rush Rathmolyon Ashbournes Dunshaughlin Summerhill Malahide Cloncurry Dunboyne Swords IRELANDS EYE Kilcock Baldoy'le Howth Hillof Howth DUBLIN Dublin Bay Robertstovu Newcastle Black Kingstown Raticoole Carrickmine Bray Newbridge Blessington, Enniskerry Greystones Ballymore Duff II. Delgany Eustace L. Tay Longwood Streamstown Castletown Milltown Johnstown Moate Tyrellspasso Shannonbridge-- Carbury Clara Kilbeggan Edenderry Tullamore 02 CANAL Tullamore Newtown Maynooth PhilipstownClone GRAND Cloghan NG SGeashille Clonbulloge Killeigh Clonygowan Kathangan Loughrea Eyrecourtó R Ranagher Mountbolis Portarlington Monasterevin C Kilchreest Tynagh Killimor Woodfordo Frank Newtown Parsonstown or Birr Portumna Clonaslee Riverstown Kinn ve Bloom Mount St. Aughty Lough Ballingarry stree annor Kilfenora Craney Whitegate Hags Hd.
Liscannor Bay Mal Bay MUTTON New Pier Corrofin Crusheen Feakle P Knockeven Scarrift Derg Ennistimon Le DromoveBaurre C L E Milltown Enniso Malbay Tulla Borrisokane Shinrane Roscrea Puckaun Clochijordan, Portroe co Bernagh por Broadford and Clare Kilmurry L. Dog Ballynacally Carrowmore Killard Pt...
Doonbeg Kilmihil Moore B. Cooraclave Carrigaho Rose B.
Loop Head River Shannon Kerry Hd Rough Pt Tralee Bay Brandon Bay 5 Claghane Castleg alicee Kilrush Killadysert Labasheeda CARRIG Ballylongford 6 mellick Ballybritt Maryborough Stradbally Mountrath Kilcullen Calverstown Duniavin Ballitoreo Athy Timolino QUEENS C0 .
Errill tart Newtown Dalkey Bray Hd.
Kilcoole Bay Donard Annamoe Annamoe Mt. Kennedy Loragh R Rat Balinalea new Wicklow MoonWICKLOWgieneal Wicklow Hd.
Stratford Ballyroano Timahce Moon Baltinglass Mathdrum Borris in Ossory Abbeyleix Castledermot Moneygallo Ballycolla Ballinakill Clogh Arra Nenagh Toomyvara Devilsbit Mts silvermines SoKillaloe Templemore Darrow Ballina Silvermina Mrs Sleigh Templetouhy Johnstown Briensbridge, Borri Castleconnell Rieper Mt Sixmilebridge to Newport Bunratty Cratloe Shannon Wood O Thurles more Holycross Rathvil Carlow illford Tullow Ballono Gazebo Graigue Castlecomer Ballyragget oFreshford Leighlintridge Urlingford Killkoolyo Littleton Tullaroan Kallaskeury Charina Limerick Cappe TIPPERARY Foynes Askeaton Caherconlish Shanaolden Adare Tarbert Glin Ballyhahill Newtown Ardagho Ballybunion Sandes Ballyduff Ballyheige Abercorney Listowel Lixnaw Croom Clonaultyme 6 Burn- Ardmore Pt.
Kiltegan Aughrim Redcross Hacketstown Blacklion Kilkenny Bagenalston Gowran Goresbridge Cappigh White New Birminghamchurch Dundrum Balltinure Killenaule Callan Cashel Mullinahone Kilocktopher Limerick Golden Pallas Grean Herbertstown Oula Herbe MERICK Cullen Athea Ballingarry Hospital Newcastle Castletown Bruree mly Bansha Portrinard Rockbill Tipperary Knocklong Jc.
Abbey feale Killeedy Charle ille Kilmallock Ballylanders Galty Mis Tralee Glanrudderys Kilflyix Mta dfert Stack Fenit Diennerville Slieve Mish Dingle Anascaul Castlemaine Slea Hd.
INISHVICKILLANE ale Dingle Canglass Pr Bay Ha.
Glenbeg Keli Cahiroiveen 52 Valencia Har VALENCIA Bray Hd.
Portmagee PUFFIN 1.0 St. Finans B. 8 SKELLIG RKS.
Bolus Hd aterville D Ballinskelligs B SCARIFFI Caragh Milltown Beaufort Kilfinnane Newinn Caber Fethard Ballyclerahan Slievenaman Clonmel Kells Bar Borris C Tinahely Shillelagh Carnew Clonegall Newtownbarry Slaney Bennettsbridge Thomas Craiguenamanagh Ninemilehouse Newmarket Carrick on Sul Billtown Fiddown altymore Ardinnan R. Suir Carrickbeg Clogheen Baillyporeen Newcastle Comeragh Mts.
Brosna ullar Broadford Milford almereir Pallyhills Mts. Liscarroll Castleisland Meelin Liscarroll Newmarket Buttevant Kildorrery Mitchelstown Knockmealdown Kingwilliams- Currans-town Farranfore Kanturk Doneraile Glanworth Kilworth Cecilstown Mallow Castletownroche Boherboy Dromagh Millstreet Banteer Glantane Knockana Trin Portlaw town Hiltealy Enniscorthy t. Mullin Ferns 6 Inistioget Bally william Rosbercon Adamstown N Mullinavat Dunganstown Cannile Ballyhack Abbey New Ross Kilurin Kumtethonas Waterford Tinter Pethar TERFORD Ballyduff Cappoquin ismore R.
Ballymacooly Fermoy Blac Rathcormack Dungarvan Knockmahone Tramore Stradball beyside Mizen Hd.
Arklow Arklow Hd, Kilmichael Pt.
Coolgreany Gorey Courtown Har.
Ballyeanew Cahore Pt.
Ballycarthy Ballygarrett Slan Oulart Ford Ballaghkeen Oilgate Blackwater Castlebridge Taghmon Wexford Wexford Har.
Tullycanna Killinick Bridgetown itmille Rosslare Har.
Ballygeary own Broadway Greenore Pt.
KHmore Tramore B Brownstown Hd Dunmor Waterford Haven Hook Hd.
Bannow B KEERAGH IS..
Ballyteige B.
Tacumshin Crossfarnoge Pt SALTEE IS.
NSRU Killary Paps Bochragh Mts. Bottlehillo Glenville BraTallow Aglisho Drum Dungarvan Har. L. Leane Carrantual Mangerton The Pups B Bally Kilgarvan L.Berrianna Keninare Sneem Tabilla Currane nane DEENISH Caherdanie Ban Kenmare Riv.
Ballydonecan DURSEY A Crow Hd.
Caha lymakeery Inchigeelagh- Mts Goudane Barra L. Allua Hungry Castleto Bantry Sheeps Glengarri Realkill Ballynoe Dungourney Donoughmore Watergrasshillo aurne Stuake. Blarn allybrooky Middleton Coachfordo Cork acroom? Gallincollig Ballyneeno Newceston Bandono Passage West Yongha Hills Helvick Hd Clashmore Ingville Mine Hd.
Ardmore Youghal Har Castlemartyr Queensto &Bay Knockadoon. Hd.
Ballycottin Ballycottin B, Aghada CarrigalineCork Harbour Inishannon Kilpatrick Tractor Crosshaven Enniskeeno Ballinade Kinsale Bay WHIDDYDunmanwayo Dunmanus Bay Three Castle Hd Gen Mizen Hd. 10° Toormore B Crookhaven Rossmore Kilbritain Bantry Drimoleague p crus Carrigboy Ross Carber Clonakilty league Carrig Leap llydebob Skibbereen Cast Roaring Water D CLEAR 1.
Clear B ownsendo Nohaval agu Lispatrick Arundelmills Clonakilty B.
Milltown Hd.
Haven Glandore Har.
Rosscarberry B.
Baltimore KERKIN 1.
Galley Hd. 9° Pooer Hd Roberts Hd.
Oyster Haven Head Ourtmacsherry Seven Heads Old Head of Kinsale Churelitown Carnsore Pt.
STGEORGES CHANNEL Longitude C West 8° from D Greenwich 7° E 6° F 55 2 3 54 4 5 5 6 5 IRELAND ment in the S. E., where it forms the tablished by law, it was only the Church great mass of the mountains of Wicklow. It is more sparingly developed in the W. and N. W. (Donegal), as well as in the N. E.
Climate. The climate is on the whole moister, milder, and more equable than that of the greater part of Great Britain.
It is highly favorable to vegetation, and allows plants to winter in the open air that can do so in very few places in BLARNEY CASTLE Great Britain; some species of plants also being peculiar in Ireland alone of the British isles, as for instance the strawberry tree or arbutus, found in the S. W.
Agriculture. As regards agriculture Ireland has great advantages, for though there is a great extent of moorland, there is also a vast area of arable surface , covered with a deep, friable loam of remarkable richness. Potatoes had become the main food of the people by the end of the 17th century, and a potato famine occurred as early as 1739. Another staple crop, especially in the N., is flax .
Much benefit accrued to Irish agriculture from the operations of the Irish Land Act of 1881. This act was supplemented in 1887 and 1899 by acts to encourage peasant ownership.
Industries and Trade. Of industrial employments the linen manufacture is the chief and is in a very flourishing condition. The woolen manufacture at the outset outstripped that of linen; but it was hampered by unjust restrictions imposed by Parliament at the instance of the woolen manufacturers of England.
The brewing of porter and distillation of whisky form important industries. The fisheries employ a considerable number of persons.
Religion. The prevailing religon is the Roman Catholic. The Reformation never made much progress, and though the Protestant Episcopal Church was es- IRELAND of a minority. In 1869 an act was passed for its disestablishment. At the head of the Roman Catholic Church are four archbishops, who take the title of Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, and 24 bishops. The whole of the Irish Roman Catholic clergy are supported solely by voluntary contributions. The Presbyterian Church is chiefly confined to Ulster, where it may be said, especially in the counties of Down and Antrim, to be the leading religious denomination.
Its ministers are supported by voluntary contributions, seat-rents, and church funds. They were formerly aided by the annual grant from government, called the Regium Donum. This grant was abolished by the Irish Church Act of 1869, and was commuted to a single sum of $3,506,860 paid to the Church.
Education. The principal educational institutions are Dublin University and the three colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway. The Royal College of Science, established in 1867, supplies a complete course of instruction in science applicable to the industrial arts. The Catholic Ca University of Ireland, established in 1854, consists of University College, Dublin; St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, and several other colleges. The seminaries for the education of the Catholic priesthood are numerous, the most prominent being the College of Maynooth, founded in 1795. The General Assembly's Theological College, Belfast, and the Magee College, Londonderry, are Presbyterian colleges. The chief elementary schools are those under the superintendence of the Commissioners of National Education. In 1878 an act was passed setting apart $5,000,000 from the Irish Church surplus fund for the promotion of intermediate secular education by means of special examinations, exhibitions, prizes, etc.
Government. Ireland, by the Act of Union, became in 1801 an integral part of the United Kingdom, and shares in its legislation by means of 28 representative peers in the House of Lords, and 103 representatives in the House of Commons The representative peers are elected for life by the whole of the Irish peers. The lord-lieutenant, who represents the sovereign, is the head of the executive , and holds his court in Dublin Castle. He is assisted by a privy council and a chief secretary, who takes the most active part in the administration of affairs. As in England, the chief legal functionaries are a lord chancellor, a lord chief-justice, and a master of the rolls. The Irish police force is a semi-military body, paid out of the Consolidated Fund.
Vol. V-Cyc-M IRELAND History. As in Western Europe generally, the earliest inhabitants are believed to have been of Iberian race, and, therefore, akin to the modern Basques.
Divided among a number of hostile kings or chiefs, it had been long torn by internal wars, and for nearly two centuries ravaged by the Danes, numbers of whom settled in the country, when, in the beginning of the 11th century, Brian Boroimhé united the greater part of the island under his scepter, restored tranquillity, and subdued the N. invaders.
After the death of Brian at the close of the battle of Clontarf, 1014, gained against the Danes and their Irish allies, the island relapsed into its former state of division and anarchy. In this state IRELAND before borne as a vassal of the Pope, and the Irish chiefs generally acknowledged his authority; but but the the change of religion was bitterly opposed, and Mary was easily able to undo all that had been done in this direction by her two predecessors. Elizabeth imposed a Protestant clergy on the people, and her reign was marked by a series of risings, which terminated in the reduction of the whole island. Great stretches were taken from the Irish chiefs, and distributed among English noblemen and others, who were to settle their new estates with English farmers. Little was done in this way, however, compared with the great plantation of the N. by James I., under whom 800,000 acres of land in Ulster were Pachic ST. PATRICK'S GRAVE of matters Henry II. of England obtained a papal bull giving him the right to subdue it, it, and the way was paved to this when Dermot, Prince of Leinster, who had been driven from the country, was reinstated by the aid of Richard de Clare (Strongbow) and other Norman nobles.
In 1172 Henry entered Ireland himself, and partly through the favor of the clergy and his affability, the great princes did homage to him and acknowledged his supremacy. Many Norman barons and their followers now settled in the country, but the English power was far from being established over it.
Henry VIII. assumed (by act of the Irish Parliament) the title of King of Ireland, instead of "Lord," which he had declared forfeited, a large part of this being entirely withdrawn from the Irish, and divided among Scotch or English settlers. In 1641 there began an attempt to shake off the English yoke, in which great atrocities were perpetrated on both sides. In 1649 Cromwell was appointed lieutenant, and energetically, but cruelly reduced the whole country within nine months. The next struggle was that which followed the Revolution, when James II. landed in 1689, and hoped to regain his crown by French and Irish aid. He failed to reduce Londonderry, which held out, enduring the extremity of famine, till it was relieved by some ships from England. In the following year (1690) William III. arrived, and on July 1 gained a decisive victory over the IRELAND forces of James on the Boyne, near Drog- during the Civil War in that country In 1778 the penal laws against the heda.
In 1778 the penal laws against the Catholics, though not repealed, were made much more lenient. The French Revolution had a great effect on the minds of the Irish people, and it was partly through this influence that the and that rebellion broke out in 1798.
Great atrocities were perpetrated, but the rising was speedily crushed. A body of French soldiers, 1,500 strong, landed in Killala Bay, but were compelled to surrender.
The British Government now resolved to unite the Irish and English Parlia- ments, and an act providing for the The British Government now resolved ments, and an act providing for the legislative union of the two countries IRELAND hoped for a rupture between it and Engduring the Civil War in that country land, of which they might take advantage. This conspiracy, the members of which called themselves "Fenians" (See FENIANS), soon spread to Ireland; but before they could take any overt action in that island their design was stifled by the British Government (1865-1866).
The ministry now resolved to do all in 1869, and another act was their power to render the Irish people lished in 1869, and another act was passed to improve the tenure of land, in Irish Episcopal Church was disestablished in 186 1870.
Since 1871 an agitation for what is called Home Rule has made itself prominent. Its chief supporters, designated VILLAGE IN SOUTH OF IRELAND passed the Irish Parliament in May, 1800, and the British Parliament in July of the same year, in virtue of which the union was effected on Jan. 1, 1801. In 1829, mainly through the efforts of O'Connell, the Catholic Emancipation act was passed under which Catholics could take a seat in Parliament, and were admitted to most public offices. The Irish National party now tried to repeal the Union, for which purpose O'Connell founded the Repeal Association. This movement collapsed in 1843, and afterward the potato famine in 1845, and again in 1846, cast all other interests into Union, for which purpose O'Connell amity Parliament granted enormous sums of money; yet thousands died from again in 1846, cast all other interests into emigrated to America.
The year 1865 witnessed a new conspiracy designed to separate England and Ireland. This originated in the United States, when the numerous Irish "Nationalists," profess not to desire the severance of Ireland from Great Britain; what they mainly want, is to have an Irish Parliament for matters exclusively Irish. In 1880 Ireland became the scene of an agitation carried on mainly by a body known as the Land League. The movement was so lawless that two special acts, a "coercion" act and a peace preservation act, were passed. Still further to redress Irish grievances a land act was also passed in 1881, the chief provisions of which have already been mentioned.
The Land League was suppressed, but a body called the National League was soon organized in its place. In 1885, 86 ment led to Gladstone's scheme in 1886 ship of Parnell) were returned to Parliament, and their pressure on the governby which Ireland was to receive a Parliament of her own and the Irish members to be withdrawn from the Imperial Parliament. This and the accompanying IRELAND scheme for the buying out of Irish landlords, were rejected by Parliament and the majority of the constituencies, thus bringing a Conservative government under Lord Salisbury into power. A permanent act for the repression of crime in Ireland was passed in 1887, and an act (Lord Ashbourne's) for the benefit of Irish tenants, under which money is advanced to them to aid them in buying their farms. The agitation by the Home Rule party continued through 1892 and 1893, Gladstone advocating eloquently the cause of the Irish people. In 1900 the Irish Parliamentary party reconstituted itself with John Redmond as chairman. In 1903 the Wyndham Act was passed enabling tenants and occupiers to purchase the land and hold it. In 1906 James Bryce (now Viscount Bryce) began the work of creating the National University of Ireland making it possible for the Catholics to secure a higher education. Riots, and agrarian outrages, particularly "cattle driving," were frequent during 1907-09. The Home Rule Bill of 1912 (See HOME RULE) was opposed in Ulster and a volunteer army was enlisted by Sir Edward Carson to resist its enforcement. The Nationalists also formed a volunteer army and the country was divided into two hostile camps. A crisis arose in 1914 when the British Government moved to send troops to Ulster and a warship to Belfast.
The Sinn Fein, founded about 1905 had now become a revolutionary body, and seized the opportunity to unite with the Nationalists' Volunteer Army, drilling openly and secretly planning an uprising. On Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, the Rebels seized the Post Office and other public buildings in Dublin.
The Irish Republic was proclaimed with Padraic Pearse, president, and James Connolly commandant of Dublin and Messrs. Clarke, MacDonough, Ceannt, Plunkett, MacDiarmid members of the provisional government. Sir John Maxwell commanded the British troops engaged in suppressing the rebellion which came to an end April 29 when Pearse surrendered. In the fighting the British lost 521 men. In May Pearse, Clarke, MacDonough, Plunkett and 11 others were executed. Over 3000 were imprisoned for taking part in the rebellion. Sir Roger Casement (q. v.) was hanged in England June 29, 1916.
In the general election held in December, 1918, the Sinn Fein overthrew the Nationalists but declined to take their seats in the English Parliament, agitating meanwhile for a separate government. At a conference held Jan. 21, 1919, independence was declared and the IRELAND provisional government of the Republic of Ireland proclaimed. Eamon de Valera, Count Plunkett, and Arthur Griffith were appointed delegates to the Paris Peace Conference but were denied passports by the British Government.
De Valera then sailed for the United States where he was received with enthusiasm by the Irish and hailed as the "President of the Irish Republic." An attempt was made by De Valera to get a strong plank inserted in the Republican and Democratic platforms during the presidential conventions of 1920 but only succeeded in securing an expression of sympathy for Irish national aspirations in these declarations.
Municipal elections held on Jan. 15, 1920, indicated the growth of the Sinn Fein movement, and indicated that a large element of the Irish people would be satisfied with nothing less than independence. Out of 1,240 vacancies, the Sinn Fein won 422, the Labor Party 325, the Nationalists 213, and the Unionists only 297. The Nationalists who favored Home Rule were ousted by the Sinn Feiners from almost every seat in Parliament, and as a result Ireland was almost without representation in the House of Commons during 1920.
In the meantime, violence continued to flourish. On March 10, Lord Mayor Mc- Curtin, of Cork, was assassinated by masked men in his own house. His successor, Terence MacSwiney, was arrested on August 12, on charges of sedition, and following his conviction, immediately began a hunger strike which ended in his death on Oct. 25, 1920, after a fast of 74 days. Other Irish leaders who were arrested on similar charges, refused to eat and several of them died. The Sinn Fein established their own court and police, erecting an entire system of self-government under the eyes of British officials, while police, constabulary, and soldiers were assassinated or shot from ambush. On April 2, Sir Hamar Greenwood was appointed chief secretary to succeed Ian MacPherson.
In May, civil war continued fiercer and many police barracks were burned. The government sent large forces to Ireland in command of Sir Neville McCready.
The situation was further complicated by a strike of English railway dock and ship laborers who refused to move troops or munitions. The terror culminated in the partial burning of the city of Cork on the night of December 11, when 311 houses were burned and damage was done to the amount of $20,000,000. In the same month Parliament passed the Home Rule Bill in both houses, and it was signed by King George. It was left IRELAND at his nominal discretion to put into effect at any time within three years following its passage. IRIS fered martyrdom rests on no good founrefutation of the Valentinian form of the dation. His great literary work is his his works was published in two volumes at Leipsic in 1853. He died about 202. The best edition of his works was published in two volumes "Against Heresies." at Leipsic in 1853. He died about 202.