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James (FRANCIS EDWARD STUART born)

FRANCIS EDWARD STUART; born in 1688, known as CHEVALIER DE ST. GEORGE, or the OLD PRETENDER, was the son of James II., James II. , by his second wife, Mary d'Este. In 1708 he sailed from Dunkirk with a French fleet for the invasion of Scotland, but the vigilance of the English admiral, Sir George Byng, prevented the execution of the plan, and the the prince returned to France. In 1715 a rebellion in his favor, headed by the Earl of Mar, broke out in Scotland. In December, the Pretender himself arrived at Peterhead, assumed royal state, formed a council, and made a progress through the country, but the case was hopeless, and he was glad to escape to Gravelines .

In 1719 the prince married Maria Clementina, daughter of the King of Poland, by whom he had two sons, Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, and Henry, Cardinal of York. Maria Clementina died in 1735. Disaffection and restlessness continued in Great Britain and showed themselves from time to time in overt acts, and in 1745 another Jacobite rebellion broke out in Scotland, Prince Charles Edward landing there, and getting his father proclaimed once more .

This struggle ended with the defeat of the Jacobites at Culloden by the Duke of Cumberland, 1746. The Pretender died in Rome, where he had lived for many years, in 1765.