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Japan (Island empire in the North)

an island empire in the North Pacific Ocean, off the Asiatic coast. including Japan proper, Korea, Formosa, Area and Population.-The total area, Karafuto, Kwantung, and Pescadores, is 260,738 square miles. The population of Japan proper in 1918 was 57,784,935, exclusive of Korea, Formosa, and the army The population of Korea is about 17,000, 000, and of Formosa about 3,700,000.

The total population of Japan is about 77,000,000. Japan proper consists of four large and many smaller islands, with an area of 148,756 square miles.

Physical Features. The islands of Japan appear to be the highest portions of a huge chain of mountains which rises from a deep ocean bed; they are the advanced frontier of the Asiatic continent. This chain, though dotted with volcanoes, is not therefore itself of volcanic origin.

Earthquakes occur very frequently in Japan, though the W. slope, facing the Asiatic continent, is exempt. Its plains and valleys, with their foliage surpassing in richness that of any other extratropical region, its arcadian hillslopes and forest-clad heights, give it a claim to be considered one of the fairest portions of the earth. The sublime cone of the sacred Fuji-san (Fusiyama, Aino, "Fire-goddess Mountain"), an extinct or rather dormant volcano, rises from the sea to a height of 12,365 feet.

Climate. The late autumn is the driest and most agreeable season. The ocean current known as the Kuroshiwo ("Black Stream") considerably modifies ar the of his of- The fiest receives t over the mmence- Janus was o heads, look- His temple the time of peace.

ALLIBONS, born in Philadel 349; received a comon; engaged in newsnative city in 1870- York during most of 894, and then went he author of "Color The Mexican Guide" tec Treasure House" of Old New Spain" ew York" (1894); "In (1898); "The Passand Other Stories" he South of France" Napoleon" (1914). d empire in the North the Asiatic coast. to-The total area, opor, Korea, Formosa, g, and Pescadoren, is 57,784,985, exand the army is about 17,000, about 3,700,000. of Japan is about proper consists of ny smaller islands, 48,756 square miles.

The islands of Jahighest portions of tains which rises bed; they are the ad- Asiatic continen If of volcanic origini very frequently in ope, facing the t. Its plains foliage surpassother extrehillslopes a claim at por cone of Aino, extinct or es from the tumn is the driesable season. The en as the Kuroshiwo Tanashi • AKAI OB Ichikawa To Fuchiu Nagatsuta TOKIO Shibuya Fuda Meguro Honjie Tokio Har Shinagawa Lamagawa Omori Giotoku Owada imbashi kuwari Chiba Sogano Hamano Kanagawa TOKIO Futage Yeda Tsurumi Hodogaya Totsuka Fujisawa Ofuna 2 Kamakura Isshik Ogus Ashina B.

SAGAMI Misal JOGASHIMA تلا Kawasaki Yamaia Nakakuazato Anegasaki Nakajim Yokohama anazawa B Yokosuka Uraga 50C 142 Saim Tsilmetiew B GULF OF TATARY Narawa Ushikuo Yegawa brise Yokom Kisaradzu Tchibamachi Kururko Kannonsakianaki Kanozan Kuradama Milato tawa Klyodzumi Nakogiriyamayama Uruga Channel Tsurugizaki Honge yogatuke Ikeda Ichiba Mayebara Nago Tateyama-wan 35 Sunozaki TOKIO BAY SCALE OF STATUTE MILES -46 4 5 Aoki Matsuda Tateyama Asahina C.King Fudoyama Senda Mera 10 Nojimazaki 146° Shirahama 140° C Usuro Paren Nekora 144° C.Belling hausen Tichmenew Patience Setjutoru C.Patience Bay Mogun Koman Kussunai Narbutschi Galking LOWER PORTION OF SAKHALIN SCALE OF MILES 50 100 Murawjewsk JapanAngied Aniwa C. Lewenorn C. Tokombo Bay C. Notoro La Perouse Strait 35 Porou Soyaza Sarubuts Esashi C.Siretoko 467 154° E 50 152° T K S 156° Kuru L.

KAMCHATKA ALAID Gr Kuril Lopatka Alaid Str.

PARAMUSHIR SHIRINK I.

C.Kapari Str.

SHUMSHIR Lit. Kuril Stre +C.Tniukuml C.Henry Amphitrite Str.

CHIRINKOTAN EKARMA 1.

Otome B.

MAKANRUSHIR Asirmintar Vol.

ONEKOTAN Toorussyr KHARIMKOTAN SHIASHKOTAN MUSHIR Mushir Str.

RAIKOKE C.Siretoko 46 Golownin Str.

MATAU Nadjeshda Str.

RASHAU * USHISHIR 1.

Ketoi Str.

Diana Str. KETOI 1.

Tomamai 142 148° 150 F SHIMOSHIRI MAKANRURUO KURIL ISLANDS (CHISHIMA) Same Scale as Main Map S E Yezo Str.

Boussole Str.

Iturkioi C 136° 154 C 18° E 156 1889° A 50 Soya manzof B.

G Wakkana REBUNSHIRI Bakkai RISHIRI Chietomanai H Sarubustu Tombetsu Esashi Poronup Wembetsu Teshio Wembetsu Furebetsu HOKUSHU 44 Tomamai Onishika Teshlotake Rurumoppe Mashike J 146° Chikaptomuushi SEA OF OKHOTSK sirusushinobor!

Mombetsu Yubetsu Saruma Kakkum Kusidr Tukoro Abashiri Shari Bay Shiretokozaki Yezo Str Tomari Rewausi C.

Moimoto C. hachanobori (St. Antony Pk KUNASHIRI SHIKOTAN Walfisch B. Shikotan Channel TSHIKARI Nutapkaushi Atosanobo Shibetsu Mashikeyama Atenta Ishikari Kamuizaki Bay Hurupiravama Otaru wamiza Nisekauship Sarachifuto Asahika Optateshipe Otashinal Porena Yubaritake Iwana Iwaonobor Suttsu Barauta Setanai Okushiri Str.

OKUSHIRI MINIHS Kudo Esash Tova Sea Tarumalo Aputa Shikiu Volcano Mombetsu B Inaushio Inaush dokkai TARAKU SHIBOTSU Noshapzaki Meakantake Nemuro Shibet cha KUSHIRO Otchishi Shiranuks Nitumap Shakbetuu A amanaka Kushiro Akkeshi Otsu Tokachigawa Tomakomai Kanmitake Tokachi Saro HIDAKA Mororan Takae Ubahu Urakawa Shamani Mori Komagatake OSHIMA Hakodate Esanzaki Eramachi Shirlichi Str.

Obata Shiriyuzaki T sugar Omazaki OSHIMA Fukuyama Kotomari Ominato Kanitu Rikuoku M Tanabe Tomari Goshoga Peruhune Moyoro Shoja Horoizumi Yerimozaki Ajigasawa Iwakiyama Hirosaki Yuisukota Hachinohe Aщoмoв Kogawaranuma Shiekinohe Gammoritake Sammoker Noshiro Hachirogat F J A P A N ৫ BLACK BROTHERS C.Nobu C.Itoientomo Atutsunobori F Itrup Str.

C.Okabetou Sandai or Furubetsu Naibo Har.

Tanemo Kunashiri Str.

Rewausi C Shiretokozaki 36 Onica KUNASHIRI Furefu B.

Tomari Shibetsu SHISHIYO Nemuro Yururi Hamanaka Akkeshi TARAKU I.

SHIBOTSU I. 146° 130 Bettolm Hitokapu B.

ITURUP C.Tesiko P A NEMURO KOREA To Vladivostok 6 KOREA AGOTOSHIMA 34 Ha TSUSHIMA Takeshiki IT Sh Toyour Idzuhara / Shimonoseki R IKISHIMA AS 7 Sasebo SHIKOTAN + 148 S 132 44 E Hinomizaki C URUP C.Nobunotsu I 150 38° 134° 00.

A OKISHIMA Mikuriya Matsuy Shinjo- Sakai Sambeyama Goyawa Omori Hamada Masudahone Takatsu Kizuk Miyoshio onag Akasaki II Hamasaka Tottori Kurayosh Kuze OKAYAMA 152 Kyogamizaki 40° N Wajima, H Shinzan Funakawa Minato Odate Kemanal Karamai Kuji Hanawu Ani Moriyoshizan oda Gojunome Tsuchizaki Alsta/ Okawa Ganjuzan Omoto Morioka Miyako ARITAIWATE Hanamak Shizukuishi Honjio Shiokoshi Wokote Mogamigawa Sakaiu SADO Yazaki Aikawa Kamaishi Midzarnawa Yamada Yuzawa Komagatake esennuma Shinj YAMAGATA Veoh Gwaszan Koidzumi Motoyoshi Ashinomaki Fujishima Tsurugaok Sagaye Tendo Asamtake Muraka Ebisa Niigata Ogi Suzuzaki Teradomari NOTO PEN Ugetsulida Togi Dainenji Takab Nanao B. anao Toyama B Izumozaki Yamagata M Komatsu Yonezawa Shiraishi Shibata Sanjoganpo C Sendai dai C E A N JAPAN SCALE OF STATUTE MILES Nakamura 0 25 Fukushima A Bandalzan Nihominatsu Odaka Miharu Kerijama FUKUSHIMA Hirono Taira o Wakamatsuc Kashiwazaki Nagaoka wadashiro-ko Naoetsu Tak Cotsa Biyama Toyama Nagano ImaisurOTOYAMA Kanazawa Mikawa Komatsu Daishoji Sakai Fukui Wakasa-wan Miy Mineyam Toyooka Einkuchiyama, Tsurug Obamaca ISHIKAWA Ono Еплави Schinano Urasa Tajima Sukagawa Tokama-thi Shirakawa Nikko Yaita Yamizoyama Onahama Shiranezan Nantaizan TO HIGI Takanagi Ujue Karasuvama Ota Minato Mito GUMMA Taleyama Miyehashi. Utsunomiya Matsumoto Veda TakayamaAANO Hakuzan Yatsugatake Fukushima FUKUI Ontake Hachimano GIFU Se-k Kisogar Gifu Ogaki RMOTOL Hikene SHIGA Otsu • Fushimi Yokkaich Takahashi Himeli Kobatake Okayam HIROSHIMA Kurashikio Saseyamar Akash SOZU Onomichi Marugame Sumot Tauwan Hiroshima Hagi (YAMAGUCHI Iwaki fh Yamaguchi Tokuyama.

Moji Mitajiru In Genkai-Suo-nada NAGASAKIN Tokitsu AGA Lakata Kitsuki Kawanoo Matsuyaton S and Gunchu Yaswata-hom Nakatsu FUKUOKA Fukuoka Hiji Kurume Oitu Yanagawa Kujusan Takeda Usnk Takase Asotake Sulki Shimabara B "Nagasaki 18 Lis Shangh Amakusanada Kumamoto Isurusak...

Kuma ta Shamabara sushir Hakuzan Nobeoka Tomioka Yatsushir Miantsu AMAKUSASH Ushibuka Sasiklohibaзaнaтa D Sadowara 300 NAGASHIMA Coyoah), MIYAZAKI Takanabe NISHIKATAN Akube KAGO- Kirishima Hirose KOSHIKIA SHIMA Miyakonojo Miyazaki SHIMA 8 Ichiku Kajiki Kagoshima Kaseda Bonomisaki Kagoshima-wan KUROSHIMA IWOSHIMA Van aok AGAWA Kobe Osaka Sakai Kisuwada WAJI Gojo Nara T NARA Unmada Yoshino Wakayama hinegawa Muya Tokushima TOKUSHIMA Tanane -Kocht Urado Kure Suzaki Sukumdo -Bungo-nada OKIUSHIU Orumidzu o Toizaki Shibushi ya Ariakeno-ura Uchinoura ashiki Diemen Str.

MAKESHIMA Mujanoura, KUCHINOERABU SHIMA YAKUSHIMA Colnett! Str.

B KUCHINGSHIMA NAKANOSHIMA Akaogi TANEGASHIMA Masuda Nishinomura Vincennes Str.

SUWASE-MUNINTOSHIMA P 132° 24° Hiwasa Shishikai Sakinohama Murotozaki SHIKOKU Kubokawa Makamura Sadazaki 399 134 C EUMO WAKAYAMA Katsumura Kushimoto Tamsui Taikok Chureki • Toulig akasaki Kiri Koga Co Tahibka yoda SAITAMA Kuwaroye Umwa Toney Hachion Nirazaki Kofu YAMANASHI Kajika awa KANAGAW Tsuchiura Bawara 0 50 100 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 50 100 150 150 Important towns are shown in heavy face type Railways shown thus Saki, Zaki or Misaki Cape or Point Shima Island; Ko Lake 144° 36 Inuboesakl TOKIO Take Choshi Sokerd Chiba Togane Tokio By Nakatsu Fujigama Yokohamays Ichinomiya Odaklo Yoshiwara Nianazu Yokosuka Kominato Nuroya o Caguchi Shimizu MAICHI Shidzuoka Atsuts OkazakiSHIDZVOK Handa Toyohash Kakegawa Suruga-wan Hamamateu Totominada Goza Daiozaki Kinomoto Shionomizaki 136° 122 Re-lung Shinchiku ALHOKU STRIT A PESCADORES IS.

FISCHER S TAISHO FORM Gyabat Byoritsu Kalisan Taikokan GIRAS Giran Taiko Setsusan Shinjo Rokko Taiwan Tarimu Pescadores Channel Shoka Chukairel I AGINCOURT CRAIG Bito-Kaku Soo San-tiau HOA-PIN-SU F Sagaminada Shimoda OSHIMA Irozakj SHICHI-TO NUSHIMA KODZUSHIMA MIYAKESHIMA 138° Longitude 124 EAS Cable YONAKUNISHIMA IRIOMOTOSHIMA TAICHU Karenko TAIWAN (FORMOSA) Tokan-san Basshisho Kai Niitakayama H An-pingCainan Seiko-wan Akoten Kyujo Takau Dai-to Banshoryo Hosan Toko LAMBAY!. 120° Fuko Koshun Toran Pinan KASHOTO Paroye Botansha.

FO Teroso Garampi D 122° NAMITERUMA TROPIC OF CANCER N T A N I RALEIGH 1.

MIKURASHIMA C East 140° from CH NS E Cable W A + Greenwich 126° N A I KUMESHIMA 1 ERABUSHIMA+MIYAKOSHIMA 142 S 128° 2 42 3 40 4 38 130° LINSCHOTEN KOTAKARASHIMA ISLANDS KAMINONESHIMA To Kiusiu Kasarizaki AMAMIOSHIMA Aomi nami 200 KAKEROMASHIMA Isintidzu TOKUNOSHIM Cable 10 5 HOKUBU-SHOTO Inokawa Kametsu OKINOERABUSHIMA Wadomari MONTGOMERY 0 IS. ☑ YESHIMA Naga-wan OKINAWASHIMA Yomitanza Nalia KERAMASHIMA YORONSHIMA Hetozaki Ogimi) 6 NORTHERN GROUP Chim- TSUBU-SHOTO wan C OR MIDDLE GROUP PROVGREAT RIU-KIU GROUP A TARAMASHIMA Hiyakunazaki NAMBU-SHOTO ISHIGAKISHIMA Ishigaki OR YKIMA KUROSHIMA MIYOKO GROUP SOUTHERN GROUP PACIFIC OCEAN NANSEI ISLANDS AND TAIWAN Same Scale as Main Map 128° Koura Koye NOSHIMA 24 Fakudazaki Longitude E 124° East F from 126° Greenwich G H 7 -26- 130 Urakami 8 Inasa Tsumujiyama Hirogariyama Masayama Funatsu Fukuda Jura NAGASAKI Kannonzaki MATSUSHIMA 4 KAMINOSHIMA TAKABOKO KAGENOSHIMA KOYAKISHIMA.

Akanoura Tategani Dock SENBOR PEN.

Owara Naminohira Tomachi Mushinoyama Yoneyama Kogakura NAGASAKI and Vicinity SCALE OF STATUTE MILES Nagasaki Harbor JAPAN the climate of the S. E. coast; thus, while snow seldom lies more than five inches deep at Tokyo, in the upper valleys of Kaga, near the W. coast, 18 and 20 feet are common. The E. coast of Yezo is visited by a cold current from the Kuriles, which renders the climate foggy in summer and retards cultivation. The rainfall, which varies much in different years, is on an average 62 inches. No month passes without rain; but it is most plentiful in summer.

Mineralogy. The mineral resources of Japan are considerable. Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, antimony, tin, sulphur, coal, basalt, felspar, greenstones, granites (red and gray), rock crystal, agate, carnelian, amber, scoriæ and pumice stone, talc, alum, etc., are found in greater or less quantities. Coalbeds extend from Nagasaki to Yezo, near Sapporo, in Yezo. Production and Industry. About three-fifths of the land is cultivated by peasant proprietors, and the remaining portion by tenants. In 1919 about 30,- 000,000 acres were owned by private persons, of which about 10,000,000 were under cultivation. The leading agricultural crops are rice, wheat, barley, rye, tobacco, and tea. The production of rice in 1918 was 34,187,000 quarters; of wheat, 4,053,420 quarters; of barley, about 5,000,000 quarters; of rye, about 5,000,000 quarters; of tobacco, about 850,000 quarters; and of tea, about 765,- 000 hundredweight. The total number of horses was about 1,300,000, and of cattle about 1,600,000. The chief mineral products in 1918, with their values, were as follows: gold, 10,240,591 yen; copper, 90,390,232 yen; steel, 113,619,- 943 yen; pig iron, 38,091,576 yen. Other products of importance are coal, 286,- 032,425 yen; petroleum, 30,479,097 yen; sulphur, antimony, and iron pyrites.

There were about 250,000 men employed in collieries, and about 170,000 in metal mines.

Government and Administration.- The government is a hereditary monarchy, the succession being now exclusively in the male line. The cabinet consists of 9 ministers of state, presided over by a minister president, their departments being Foreign Affairs, Home Affairs, Interior, Finance, War, Navy, Justice, Education, Agriculture and Comnerce, Communications (post and telegraph, etc.). There is also a privycouncil, mostly composed of former ministers of state. The constitution, laid out on German lines, is jealously careful of the supremacy of the throne. The imperial diet consists of two Houses, and its approval is necessary for the passing JAPAN of every 17, debates being held in public. The first general election took place in 1890; provincial assemblies were instituted in 1879. For administrative purposes Japan is divided into ken or prefectures and fu or city governments.

Railways. The railway system began with two lines, one from Tokyo to Yokohama, and the other from Hyōgo to Osaka and Kyōto. In 1877 a great impetus was given to railway construction by the formation of private companies.

There were in 1919 5,999 miles of state railway, 1,835 miles of railway owned by private companies, or a total of 7,834 miles. In 1920 the construction of five railway lines in Manchuria and Mongolia was begun.

Education.- Elementary education is compulsory. There are about 7,500,000 pupils in the elementary schools, and about 165,000 teachers. In special technical schools there are about 400,000 pupils, with about 6,000 teachers. The total number of children of school age is about 10,000,000. There are four universities, Tokio Imperial University, Kyoto Imperial University, Tohuku Imperial University, and Kyushu Imperial University. In these universities there are about 10,000 students, with about 900 instructors. Beginning in 1919-20, the government devoted 44,000,000 yen to extend higher education. There is special education system in Formosa. a Army and Navy-See ARMY; NAVY.

Finance. The estimated revenue for the year ending March 30, 1920, was 1,064,190,340 yen. The chief revenues are derived from taxes, from state property, post and telegraphs, and from monopolies. The chief expenditures are for administration, education, and communication. The public debt on March 31, 1919, was 2,579,946,478 yen.

Religions. There are two prevailing religions in Japan-Shintô or Kami no Michi ("The way of the gods"), the indigenous faith; and Buddhism, introduced from China in 552. (1) Shintôism: The characteristics of Shintôism in its pure form are "the absence of an ethical and doctrinal code, of idol worship, of priestcraft, aft, and of any teachings concerning a future state, and the deification of heroes, emperors, and great men, together with the worship of certain forces and objects in nature." The principal divinity is the sun goddess Amaterasu, from whom the Mikado is held to be descended. (2) Buddhism:

Of Buddhists there are no fewer than 35 sects. The monks have assumed the functions of priests, and Japanese Buddhist worship presents striking resemblances to that of the Roman Catholic all forms they do n order of th er introdu his work 1 scarcely Protestan ST, JAPAN e secta wo cican Cong flomishl ian Metho latest 1917 The goods, paper, chenware, etc. 918. The 000yen tal import JAPAN JAPAN Church. Buddhism is still the dominant were valued at 217,331,933, and the exreligion among the people. Full tolera- ports at £209,887,261. The chief imtion is extended to all forms of religious ports were from the United States, belief, in so far as they do not conflict with the peace and order of the community. Francis Xavier introduced Christianity in 1549, but his work was extinguished in blood, till scarcely a trace of it was left. Of the Protestant missions SHINTO PRIEST, JAPAN the Presbyterians, five sects working together, and the American Congregationalists are the most flourishing. The American and Canadian Methodists, the Baptists, Episcopalians, and others are also actively at work.

Manufactures. - The latest industrial census was made in 1917. There were 20,966 factories employing more than 10 hands each. The total number of employees was 1,280,964. The chief manufactures were woven goods, silk goods, woolen goods, Japan paper, European paper, matches, earthenware, matting, oil, knitting products, etc. There were 9 sugar factories in 1918. The products were valued at 75,935,000 yen.

COMMERCE. The total imports in 1917 British India, China, and Great Britain.

The chief exports were to the United States, China, Great Britain, British India, and France. The chief imports in 1919 were raw cotton, 667,866,651 yen; rice, 162,220,404 yen; iron bar, wrought plates, etc., 156,579,108 yen. Other imports of importance were sugar, beans and peas, wool, machinery, coal, flax and hemp. The chief exports were raw silk, 623,919,491 yen; cotton tissues, 280,061,- 883 yen; silk manufactures, 101,539,277 yen. Other exports of importance were cotton yarn, coal, matches, earthenware, refined sugar.

History. The reputed founder of the present dynasty was Jimmu Tenno, who ascended the throne in 660 B. C. The legendary epoch continues for more than 1,000 years, and all Japanese history before A. D. 500 is to be classed as legendary. In A. D. 201 the Empress Jingō is said to have invaded and conquered Korea, and this expedition was followed by the introduction of Korean civilization, the sacred Chinese books "Rongo" and "Senjimon" arriving from Korea in 285. In 552 Buddhism was introduced from Korea, and became

40 years later, the established religion. In 624 a Buddhist hierarchy was established by government. Shortly before this direct relations had been entered upon with China, and Chinese civilization was thereafter rapidly assimilated. At one time (1333-1392) two puppet-dynasties held sway, the North and the South, to one or the other of which the feudal barons rallied. The shôgunate, made powerful by Yoritomo, itself fell into abeyance, but the military genius and astute policy of Hideyoshi, who died in 1598, prepared the way for its revival in 1603 by Tokugawa Iyeyasu, the illustrious general and statesman who gave a lasting peace to Japan. The Portuguese, who first landed in Japan in the year 1543, carried on a lucrative trade; but by-and-by the ruling powers took alarm, and ordered away all foreigners, and interdicted Christianity (1624), believing that foreigners impoverished the country, while their religion struck at the root of the political and religious systems of Japan. The Portuguese continued to frequent Japan till 1638, when they and their religion From this date the Japanese government finally expelled. maintained the most rigid policy of isolation, till 1853, when they were rudely awakened from their dream of peace and security by Commodore Perry steaming into the harbor of Uraga with a squadwere 381,938, and the e 261. The chief in the United State and Great Britai e to the Unite ain, British In The chief imports on, 667,866,601 yзг n; iron bar, wrough 9,108 yen. Other in sugar, bean chinery, coal, flaz an xports were raw sill tton tissues, 280,061 ufactures, 101,539,27 s of importance wer matches, earthenware e puted founder of th as Jimmu Tenno, wh he in 660 в. c. Th ntinues for more than Japanese history be be classed as legend the Empress Jingö i raded and conqueres pedition was follower of Korean civiliza inese books "Rongo" iving from Korea in m was introduce

40 years later

In 624 a Bud blished by govdirect re upon with civilization was imilated. At one two puppet-dynasties rth and the South, to of which the feudal The shogunate, made ma tomo, itself tself fell into military genius and Lideyoshi, who died in way for its revival in Iyeyasu, the illustritatesman who gave a pan. The Portuguese, in Japan in the year lucrative trade; but powers took alarm. al igners, and innity (1624), believing overished the country.

uck at the root of gious systems of ese continued to 1638, when they and vere finally expelled. e Japanese government st rigid policy of isolahen they were rudely dream of peace and modore Perry steaming Uraga with a squad- JAPAN ron of United States war vessels. He Upper Chamber. The nation is itself extorted a treaty from the frightened Shôgun, March 31, 1854, and Japan, aft- Shôgun, March 31, 1854, and Japan, aftonce more the family of nations. Other once more the family of nations. Other countries slowly followed the example of the United States till 16 in all had obtained the same privileges.

The assassination in 1877 of Okubo, chief of the party whose reforms gave rise to the Satsuma rebellion, was fol- JAPAN Upper Chamber. The nation is itself divided into three classes, Kwazoku ("nobility"), Shizoku ("gentry"), and and hannin. Officials constitute the flower of the nation; class jealousy is ab- sent, careers being open to the poorest. and hannin. Officials constitute the sent, careers being open to the poorest.

The main results of the triumphant war with China in 1894-1895 were the war indemnity, and the acquisition of For- TEMPLE AT YEYASOU, JAPAN lowed 12 years later by the assassination of Viscount Mori, a cabinet minister.

The court no longer live in seclusion.

The emperor and empress have visited all the chief institutions and are present The court no longer live in seclusion.

The emperor and empress have visited to be educated at a public school. A new nobility was created in 1884, drawn partly from the old feudal baronage and partly from the new men of 1868, who send representatives to the newly created Japan was visited by a terribk earthquake in 1892; and in June, 1896, mosa. earthquake in 1892; and in June, 1896, ar broke out From 1897 to 1900 the question of Korea an earthquake wave cost 10,000 lives. From 1897 to 1900 the question of Korea Russia. On Jan. 8, 1904, between Russia and Japan, and this was terminated by the treaty of Portsmouth Sept. 5, 1905. The losses of Russia, dead and prisoners, were 388,500, and of Jaand of ships, Russia 83, and prisoners, were 388,500, and of Ja- pan, 167,500, and of ships, Russia 83, pan, 167,500, of Japan 12. partly from the old feudal baronage and partly from the new men of 1868, who to 905 an tain for ace of -the year olitical o nese gove tween the ain the JAPAN JAPAN edly favorable to Russia notwithstand- 23, 1914. Two days later diplomatic re ing.

The success of Japan in the Russo- Japanese War made her one of the leading world powers. The war, however, lowing. The international relations also to economic disturbances for years following. The international relations also This was chiefly the result of the passage of legislation in California and other States debarring Japanese laborers. In 1906 the school board of San Francisco ordered the segregation of Japanese children. The problem was which Japan agreed to restrict the imso-called gentlemen's agreement, by which Japan agreed to restrict the im- United States. In 1905 an alliance was made with Great Britain for the purpose of preserving the peace of eastern Asia and maintaining the integrity of China, and defending the rights of both countries in the region of eastern Asia and India. In 1911 this treaty was renewed for 10 years. As a result of the Russo- Japanese War, the interest of Japan was recognized as paramount in Korea, and the latter country practically became a province of Japan. In 1909 Prince Ito, the famous Japanese statesman, was assassinated by a Korean patriot. In the year following Korea was formally annexed to Japan, and was renamed Chos- There were during the years followen. esing almost continual political outbreaks en. There were during the years followin Korea against Japanese government. In 1913 the relations between the United in Korea against Japanese government. States and Japan again became tranged as a result of the passage in States and Japan again became es- California of the Alien Land Owner's Law which excluded from the right to own land all aliens who are not eligible to American citizenship. As the Japanese are prohibited from becoming naturalized citizens, it was apparent that this legislation was aimed directly at them. ized citizens, it was apparent that this vigorously. President Wilson attempted to prevent the passage of the law but was unsuccessful.

The outbreak of the World War brought Japan into conflict as an ally of Great Britain. On Aug. 19, 1914, the British representative at Berlin present- Great Britain. On Aug. 19, 1914, the German warships should at once be withdrawn from Chinese and Japanese waters and that the entire German concession of Kaiochow be given up by Germany before Sept. 14, 1914, "with a view to the eventual restoration of the same to China." The German Government refused and Japan declared war on Aug. gary were broken. The Japanese navy at once established a blockade of Tientu, lations between Japan and Austria-Hunthe principal town in the German concession, and at the same time began military operations. Later in September the Japanese Expeditionary Force, assisted by East Indian troops, began the siege of Tsing-tau. On Nov. 7, 1914, the Germans Germans surrendered. Japan, with Far Eastern German colonies, restrict- equal promptness, captured some of the ing her activities to the smaller German with islands. These included the Marshall Island, the Ladrones, the east and west the chief military activities of Japan during the war.

Caroline archipelago. This constituted Island, the Ladrones, the east and west revolution, however, Japanese troops were sent into Siberia and carried on more or less active campaigns there dur- Following the Russian ing 1918-19. See RUSSIA. surrendered. Japan, pan received all the rights formerly pospan received all the rights formerly pos- By the terms of the Peace Treaty, Japeninsula. This disposition of Shantung was strongly resisted by many of the representatives at the Peace Conference, but they were obliged to yield on the asbut they were obliged to yield on the astion to return the Shantung peninsula to China. China strongly protested against the arrangement and throughout 1920 attempted to bring the question of against the arrangement and throughout the so-called Soviet Republic of Siberia on July 15, 1920, and later occupied the cess. Japan suspended hostilities with northern half of the island of Saghalien treaty for another year. The troops withdrawn from Siberia were sent inte after extending the Anglo-Japanese Korea, where all efforts to independence were suppressed with a strong hand. nish. Japanning involves the baking of