Judiciary
that branch of the government which is concerned with the administration of justice, in cases civil or criminal; the system of courts of justice in a country; the judges collectively.
National. Article III. of the Federal Constitution provides for the establishment of United States courts to have jurisdiction both in law and in equity.
This jurisdiction is in general distinct from, but is sometimes concurrent with, that of the State courts. The system sion remains unaltered in its essentials to the present time, except for the addition of the Court of Claims in 1855. The judges are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. They retain office during good behavior. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, District Courts, a Court of Claims, a Court of Customs Appeal, District of Columbia courts, and a court for China. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction only of "cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which affecting ambassadors, other public mina State shall be a party"; but cases decided in the other Federal courts, under a State shall be a party"; but cases decertain prescribed conditions, can be reviewed by the Supreme Court by virtue of its appellate jurisdiction. The limits of the original jurisdictions of the Dis- of its appellate jurisdiction. The limits trict and Circuit Courts, and the appellate jurisdiction of the latter over the former, are provided by law. Besides other matters, the Circuit Court has exother matters, the Circuit Court has ex- former, are provided by law. Besides the District Court of admiralty cases.
The Court of Claims has jurisdiction of claims against the United States.
The justices of the Supreme Court, besides their functions as such, are each assigned to one of the circuits, being then known as circuit justices. There is also a separate circuit judge for each circuit, and a district judge for each district. Circuit Courts may be held by the circuit justice, by the circuit judge or by the district judge sitting alone, or by any two of these sitting together.
JUDITH The judges of each circuit and the justice of the Supreme Court for the circuit constitute a Circuit Court of Appeals. As constituted at first, the Supreme Court consisted of a chief-justice and five associate justices, but the numeight. Besides these regular Federal ber of the latter has been changed from courts, the Senate sits when necessary as time to time, and there are at present which the Supreme Court of the United States has appellate jurisdiction; and a court of impeachment; the District of Columbia has a Supreme Court over Territorial Courts are judges of which are nominated for terms of four years by the President, and con- judges of which are nominated for terms the Supreme Court has also appellate provided, the firmed by the Senate, and over which est court of any State may also be reviewed by the United States Supreme jurisdiction. Cases decided in the high- the Supreme Court has also appellate Court, but only when Federal questions versy deals with the Constitution, laws are involved; that is, when the contro- Court, but only when Federal questions or treaties of the United States. manner to permit of explanation. In some of them courts of equity are distinct from State. The judicial systems of the several States are too widely different those of law, while in others the same them courts of equity are distinct from in still others all distinction between actions at law and suits in equity is abolished. The judges also varies in different States and from time to time. At the period of the formation of the United States, the election of judges by the people was unof selecting known, except in Georgia. At the present time, however, the people elect judges in 24 of the States. Judicial terms vary from 2 to 21 years, the average being 10 years. The question has ary should be elective by the people, or age being 10 years. The question has ture, terms vary from 2 to 21 years, the aver- judges in 24 of the States. Judicial Most of the States have decided in favor of the former, but many of these have found it necessary to lengthen the terms "councils of appointment." lessen the necessary evils of the system, which tends to supplant judicial justice by political shrewdness. ture, or "councils of appointment." or books. The narrative opens with the "twelfth year in the reign of Nabuchodonosor, who reigned in Nineve, the great of their elective judiciary in order to city." That potentate, finding his armies books. The narrative opens with the solved to take signal vengeance. His chief opponents were the Israelites, who fortified themselves in Bethulia. While thwarted in their progress to the W. reait and the jusfor the cir + Court of Ap- Arst, the Suthe District of of the United isdiction; and provided, the and over which also appellato cates Suprem of the Hon JUDSON this stronghold, the heroine of the book, China Medical Board, 1914. His works the Military Art of the Romans" Bethulle Assyrian infii book The her America Mass., Aus Brown Un theology eminary. cation to t to go t of the rad g rev ng the Bu 2, 1850 (1885); "Europe in the Nineteenth Century"; "The Growth of the American Nation." this stronghold, the heroine of the book, China Medical Board, 1914. His works can Nation." went forth to the Assyrians, pretending the Military Art of the Romans" that she had deserted her people. She fascinated Holofernes, who after a time took her to his tent, where, as he was On the loss of their leader the Assyrians ing back with it to the fort at Bethulia.
On the loss of their leader the Assyrians fled, the Israelites pursuing and inflicting on them great slaughter. The book ap- 0): parently professes to have been penned just after the events recorded (xiv: 10) but the earliest known historic testimony to its existence is by Clement of Rome ); but the earliest known historic testimony he is associated with his brother Bal- 1 to its existence is by Clement of Rome (Ep. i: 55), though it probably existed as early as 175 to 100 B. C. The ablest critics consider it a fiction rather than a genuine history.