Kitchen Middens
refuse heaps, or shell mounds-the name given to what were formerly considered to be raised beaches on the coast of Denmark, but which are now proved to have been deposited by early man. It was first observed by Steenstrup that, in these supposed beaches, the shells belonged entirely to full-grown or nearly full-grown individuals; that they consisted of four species-the oyster, the cockle, the mussel, and the periwinkle-which do not live together. The discovery of flint implements and of bones bearing the marks of knives made it evident that these beds were the sites of ancient villages, the population of which lived principally on shell-fish, but partly on the produce of the chase. Kitchen middens are by no means limited to Denmark. They exist in England, in Australia, in Tierra del Fuego, in the Malay Peninsula, and in North and South America.
With regard to the time when these kitchen middens were formed, Sir John Lubbock dates them from the early part of the Neolithic Stone Age.
Lere ace of 80 rings, five in a large and are uthern India, Ghats withi 40
Sea, at a height of flowing E. across the to the Bay of Bengal 800 miles. The river siderable distance the the Nizam's dominions dency, and has a delta es inland. a society formed in 700, consisting of 89 emen favorable to the ouse of Hanover, and was the encourand the fine arts. eminent publisher, was tary; and, not to menearls, it included Sir Vanbrugh, Congreve, nd Garth Before the (about 1920) each of cuted to Tonson his it, painted a uniform Kneller, Henes the i. e, about 86 in- 29 wide. refuse heaps, me given to what red to be raised of Denmark, but to have been de It was first obin these suplonged enfull-grown at these ens are by no rk. They exist in, in Tierra de y Peninsula, and rica. the time KITCHENER OF KHARTUM KITCHENER OF KHARTUM, HORATIO HERBERT, LORD, a British military_officer; born in 1850. Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, he joined the Royal Engineers, and was employed for some time in and after the Palestine Surveys . He 1874 KITE the Grand Trunk railway, 62 miles W. of Toronto. It has manufactories of furniture, leather, boots and shoes, pianos and organs, buttons, gloves, etc.; excellent sewerage system, water works, street railway, and gas and electric light Roman Catholic college , 22 churches, and several daily, weekly, and periodicals. Pop. (1920 ) monthly 21,052. 1874 on the Palestine Surveys. He served, having volunteered, as a major of cavalry in the Egyptian army in 1882, with the Nile Expedition in 1884, and became governor of Suakin in 1886. From 1888 till 1892 he held the rank of adjutant-general in the Egyptian army, and in the latter year was appointed Sirdar .
After the taking of Dongola, in 1896 , he KITCHENER OF KHARTUM organized the final advance against the Khalifa, which resulted in the latter's utter defeat at Omdurman in September, 1898. For this he was awarded a peerage, as Baron Kitchener of Khartum and of Aspall, in the county of Suffolk.
In 1899 he was appointed chief of staff in the South African campaign.
Commander-in-chief in India 1907.
British resident at Cairo 1911. In 1914 at the outbreak of the Great War he was appointed Secretary for War and through his efforts and the methods he inaugurated the British was raised from 160,000 men to 5,000,000. He lost his life in 1916 when the "Hampshire" which was carrying him to Russia was sunk by a mine.