Logic
as known in the present day, is a development and modification of the art of reasoning, techné dialektikē which Aristotle, utilizing the labors of his predecessors, and notably those of Zeno of Elea, molded into something like consistent shape. The first development of Aristotelian logic was by the Scholastics. At the time of the Reformation, probably as a protest, Scholasticism was depreciated, and at some of the Scotch universities it was discarded for Ramism.
The subtle distinctions and keen disputations of the Schoolmen led in the next century to Bacon's condemnation of the perversion-not of the cultivation-of logical pursuits. Locke was not so moderate, as may be seen in his "Essay." continues in gener tre in the antes, 35 ength, 620 e a littlo the sea, e destructi ah the lowe cted by la th. The p Nièvre an ed by th and the the Allier the left. considerab is conned e, and Its valle drainage rtment part COUT capis about ron and riches ies, 12, e cott Bs, papa actured es are by th cound, med The trene eleval rises fiz LOHENGRIN Generally speaking, down to the first half of the 19th century there was little dispute as to how logic should be defined.
The Port Royalists had certainly called it the Art of Thinking ; but the Art or Science of Reasoning, or the Art and Science of Reasoning met with little opposition definition . This is how as a Whately defines it, and a writer of such opposite opinions as Tongiorgi, S. J., the same words; and a parallel passage to Whately's explanation as to how logic is at once a science and an art, occurs in Liberatore, who is read in many of the ecclesiastical colleges in Rome.
Deductive logic, syllogistic logic; in which no more is inferred in the conno more is inferred in the conclusion than is implicitly contained in the premises.
Equational logic, a system of logical notation in which propositions are expressed in the form pressed in the form of equations.
Inductive logic, the science which treats of inductive reasoning, by which, broadly speaking, a general proposition is inferred from a number of particular propositions.
Modified logic, that logic which is concerned in the investigation cerned in the investigation of truth and opposite error; of the causes of error, and the impediments to truth and their removal, and of the subby which human thought may be strengthened and guided in its functions.
LOHENGRIN (lō'en-grin), the hero of an old High German poem, written in the end of the 13th century. He was the son of Parzival, and a knight of the Grail. At King Arthur's command he was taken by a swan through the air to Mainz, where he fought for Elsa, daughter of the Duke of Brabant, overthrew her persecutor , and and married the lady. Then he accompanied the emperor to fight against the Hungarians, and subthe Saracens. On his return home to Cologne, Elsa, contrary to his prohibition , persisted in asking him about his origin. After being asked a third time he told her, but was at the same time carried away by the swan back to the Grail. Rückert's the poem is the best.
The poem is a continuation of Wolfram Parzival." Wagner made it the subject of his great opera, "Lohengrin" (1848).
LOIRE (lwär), the longest river in France, rising in the Cévennes, in the department of Ardèche , at an elevation of 4,511 feet, flowing in a N. and N. W. direction through the center of France as