Manual Training
in modern education, the training of the hand and eye in the use of typical tools, suitable materials, and mechanical methods, as well as in practical drafting, including accurate instrumental drawing of objects already constructed and of objects to be constructed. In practice the materials specially used are wood, iron, steel and brass; lead, tin, zinc, paper, leather, sand, textiles, plaster, and clay are taken chiefly as substitutes for more intractable and expensive materials. Draftings include plans, elevations, sections, line and brush tinting and shading, lettering, methods of surface ornamentation, sketching, etc., with both pencil and pen.
Manual training may be regarded either as a part of a person's general education or as a definite step in the acquisition of a livelihood. As introduced into the curriculum of schools it may subserve both ends. Manual training schools are the curriculum of schools it may subserve broader in their scope than the technical or trade schools, though they are the logical outgrowth of them. The idea of introducing tool instruction in the curriculum with science, The idea of introducing tool instrucmathematics and language in such a way that no one feature should be subway that no one feature should be subanother , was early undertaken at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at Worcester, and at the Washington University at St. Louis.
Three shops were organized in St. Louis in 1877 where special students in the mein 1877 where special students in the me- Three shops were organized in St. Louis and in 1879 the St. Louis Manual Training School was established and the school was opened in 1880. It had a great success. In 1882-1883 the National Educational Association took up the matter and soon manual training became a part of tional Association took up the matter and schools in all the large cities of the country. Separate manual training schools have also been established in many cities.
The present tendency in manual training MANUEL COMNENUS is toward definite vocational training, and the work is carried on, as far as possible, under natural conditions. In man ual training schools which are for general training no moderate literary or scientific work can be out of place; on the contrary, a large share of the time must science. Shop instruction is given. The instructor at the bench, machine or anbe given to literature, mathematics, and vil explains the principles to be used or illustrated and executes in the presence of the whole class the day's lesson, giving all needed information and freely using the blackboard. When it is posquestions are asked and answered, that of the piece or model to be executed, and sible the pupils make working drawings all obscurities may be removed. The of the pie piece or model to be executed, and class then proceeds to the execution of all obscurities may be removed. The the task, each at a separate bench and with his own tools, while the instructor gives additional help to such as need it. the work is brought in, commented on and marked. It is not necessary that all the work assigned should be finished; the essential thing is that it should be well the work assigned should be finished; the speed and accuracy. In a manual trainis that it should be well ing school, properly so called, no attempt is made to cultivate dexterity at the expense of thought. gal in 1889, two years after Crown Prince Luis, with the title of Duke of MANUEL II., born in Lisbon, Portugal in 1889, two years after Crown Prince Luis, with the title of Duke of life in Paris before he came to a throne to which he succeeded in Feb. 1, 1908, Prince Luis were assassinated. He was when his father Carlos I. and his brother monarchy and Manuel fled to England, finding refuge with his mother's brother, Prince Luis were assassinated. He was 1913 Manuel married Princess Augustine the Duke of Orleans , at Twickenham. In finding refuge with his mother's brother, when his father Carlos I. and his brother kom-ne'-nus), Emperor of Constantinople; born in 1120. He was the younger 1913 Manuel married Princess Augustine son of the Emperor John Comnenus, whom he succeeded, to the prejudice of his brother Isaac, in 1143. His long reign was almost a continual succession of wars. whom he succeeded, to the prejudice of his accession; the next year carried on,
He obtained several victories war with Raymond, Prince of Antioch; and in 1147, on the arrival of the crusaders at Constantinople, under the Emperor Conrad and Louis VII. of France, he is charged with having flattered the Germans with promises, and by treacher- MANUEL PALEOLOGUS ous guides led them on to destruction.
The French were received with great honors. Roger II., King of Sicily, having invaded Greece and carried off immense spoil, Manuel made war on him, and took Corfu. Revolts of the Servians and Hungarians afterward occupied him, and in 1168 he made an unsuccessful expedition to Egypt. In 1175, he was again at war with the Turks, with alternate defeat and victory. He died Sept. 24, 1180. MANUEL PALEOLOGUS (man'u-el pal -ē-ol-o-gus), Emperor of Constantinople; born in 1348. He was the son and successor of John Palæologus. The Turks having invaded his dominions, he applied to the Latins for succor, but without effect, on which he resigned his scepter to John Palæologus II., his son, and took a religious habit. He died in 1425.