Marx
KARL (märks), a German socialist, born in Treves, May 5, 1818.
He studied jurisprudence, philosophy, and history at Bonn and Berlin; edited the "Journal of the Rhine," 1842-1843; on its suppression went to Paris, but was expelled from there (1845) and took refuge at Brussels; founded the "New Journal of the Rhine" at Cologne (1848); expelled again from Prussia (1849), settled in London. He was the controlling spirit of the International, 1864-1872.
His great work was "Das Kapital" (Capital: 1867; new ed. 1885). Vol. I, containing all the essential points of his theory, was translated into English (London, 1887). The entire work appeared in an English translation in 1893. He died in London, March 14, 1883. Marx's philosophy in distorted form became the foundation of the Bolshevist and other radical movements which were the aftermath of the World War. See BOL- SHEVISMм.
MARY (Hebrew Miriam), called in the New Testament the Mother of Jesus.
MARY OF MAGDALA. See MAGDA- LEN.
MARY I. (MARY TUDOR), Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. and MARY II. 141 MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS his first queen, Catherine of Aragon; 17 months, her husband dying in Decemborn in Greenwich Palace, Feb. 18, 1516. She early espoused her mother's cause during the proceedings for divorce then thereby became estranged from her father.
On her accession to the throne in 1553 she liberated the im- Roman Catholic prelates, substituting Archbishop Cranmer, Bishop Latimer, and other leading Protestant divines in their stead; then she sent and her husband, Lord Guilford Dudley, to the block on a charge of treason; and on the instigation of Gardiner proclaimed the repeal of all the laws of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. for the maintenance of the Reformed religion.
She married Philip II. of Spain in 1554. In 1557, war being renewed between France and Spain, and Mary taking sides with Spain , Calais was lost to the English nation. She died in St.
James Palace, Nov. 17, 1558.
MARY II., Queen of England; born in St. James Palace, April 30, 1662. She was daughter of James, Duke of York, afterward James II. , by his wife Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord Clarendon. She was married in 1677 to William, Prince of Orange; and when the Revolution defather, Mary was declared joint-possessor of the throne with William, on whom all the administration of the government devolved. She died of Kensington Palace, Dec. 28, 1694.
Albert Frederick,