Medicine
a remedy, a remedial agent, an antidote to disease; any substance prescribed for the alleviation or removal of disease. Medicines are administered, as a rule, by the mouth, but sometimes also by the rectum, by inhalation into the lungs, by hypodermic injection into the cellular tissue, or in some rare cases by injection into the veins.
The Egyptians are credited with some proficiency in the art; their embalming of bodies must have taught them the elements of anatomy. The medical and sanitary arrangements of the Mosaic law are well known. Chiron, the fabled Centaur, is said to have brought some knowl- MEDICINE HAT edge of medicine from Egypt to Greece. His pupil was AEsculapius, said to have His pupil was Esculapius, said to have lived previously to the Trojan war [about 1500 в. c. (?)]. He was so eminent a fied, and became the Greek god of medified, and became the Greek god of medicine, under whose auspices all further researches were made. Pythagoras, researches were about 529 B. c., studied the human frame; but the "father" of Greek medicine was Hippocrates, 460-357 в. c. He is by some considered the founder of the dogmatic school. About 332 B. c. the Alexandrian school arose, under Eratosthenes and Hierophilus. The latter was opposed by Chrysippus, and the empiric school arose.
The Romans were long in entering the field. The greatest Roman physician was Galen, A. D. 165. The Methodics had arisen shortly before, and the Eclectics were ramifications of the former. From the 7th to the 12th century the Arabs cultivated medicine; their greatest name was Avicenna, about A. D. 1020. The Italians next assumed the lead. The dogmatic school of medicine was assailed by ians next assumed the lead. The dog- matic school of medicine was assailed by (1514-1564). The discovery by Harvey, in 1628, of the circulation of the blood, gave a great impulse to medical science.
Modern medicine owes its greatest gave a great impulse to medical science.
They first determined that tissues were composed of various cells and that types identified by the predominating cell form in each. Pasteur founded ded the science of bacteriology, and Lister, who died in 1912, was the apostle of antiseptics, revolutionizing surgery. By insisting that wounds should be kept clean, and the operator and instruments, as well, the lutionizing surgery. By insisting that wounds should be kept clean, and the antiseptic dressings, surgeons carried out successfully operations never attempted before. Transfusion of blood, which saved many lives, marked another triumph against disease. Tuberculosis is yielding to medical science. The diswhich saved many lives, marked another tographing invisible organs has been a triumph against disease. Tuberculosis is yielding to medical science. The dis- covery of X or Roentgen Rays for pholice and insects, was made known in 1915. In the World War only 4 per cent. died of disease.