Mind
in popular language a word larger of the Philippine Islands, situated sometimes used as opposed to heart. S. of Luzon, from which it is separated Metaphysicians of the normal type, as by the Strait of Manila; length about a rule, contradistinguish it not from 110 miles, breadth about 53 miles; area heart, but only from matter or body. 3,851 square miles; pop. about 30,000. They regard it as possessing emotions as well as intellectual powers; the former manifesting themselves in feeling, the latter in thought. Its existence is supposed to be established by the consciousness of the thinking individual. Till about the middle of the 19th century, mind was almost universally held to be possessed by none of the inferior ani- The province of Mindoro, composed of Mindoro proper and groups of neighboring isles, has a population of about 40,- 000. Rice, cacao, and wild cinnamon are the products.
MINERAL CAOUTCHOUC (köt'chök), a variety of bitumen, intermediate between the harder and softer kinds; sometimes resembling india-rubber.
MINERALOGY MINERALOGY (-al'-), in natural history, a science treating of those natural inorganic products of the earth which possess definite physical and chemical characters. In 1669 Nicolas Steno, a Dane, made the discovery that in crystals of quartz the angles of inclination of adjoining faces were constant, and that the number of faces and their grouping, notwithstanding variations in size, were always the same. In this year also the doubly-refracting property of Iceland spar was observed. In 1772 Romé de l'Isle announced that the various shapes of crystals of the same product were intimately related. The Abbé Haüy in 1784 discovered that 10 forms, including six of de l'Isle, could be produced from various minerals by cleavage, and that these must be the true primitive forms.
Professor Weiss, of Berlin (1809-1815), established fundamental lines, which he called axes, and to which he showed how all the primitive forms and secondary planes were related. Subsequently, though independently, Mohs (1820-1825) arrived at a division of crystals into four systems of crystallization which coincided with the four axial groups of Weiss. He also announced two other systems of crystallization, in consequence of more precise measurements being obtainable by the use of the reflective goniometer. The discovery by Malus in 1808 that a ray of ordinary light reflected at a certain angle from a glass plate possessed the same properties as that which emerged from Iceland spar, enabled Brewster in 1819 to point out the intimate relation which existed between the cleavage form of a mineral and its action on light.
The early attempts at classification were very vague, and were founded on supposed external differences, being divided into Earths, Stones, and Metals. Cronstedt's "Essay" (1758) was the first foreshadowing of a principle in a system of classification. The earths he classed as Calcareous, Siliceous, Argillaceous, and so on. Werner's last system divided fossils (as minerals were then called) into four classes: viz., Earthy, Saline, Combustible, and Metallic. The system of Haüy (1801), like that of Werner, was a mixed one, but it was the first to direct attention to the importance of crystallographic form to a system of classification.