Missal
the book containing the whole service of the mass throughout the year. In its present arrangement it dates from about the middle of the 14th century. The Roman missal is used generally throughout the Roman Church, though the Ambrosian obtains in the diocese of Milan, and many religious orders have their own missals, differing only in unimportant particulars from the Roman. Eastern Christians of the Communion with Rome have missals peculiar to their own rite. heathen.
MISSIONS preached over a large part of the Roman world. Alexandria early became noted for its missionary college from which teachers were sent to all parts of the world. By the close of the 2d century also Carthage had its church with Tertullian at its head. In 306 19 bishops assembled at Elvira in Spain. The Goths and Vandals came down on the Roman empire from the N. and carried away many Christian captives. Ulfilas, the descendant of one of these, translated the Bible into Gothic and is regarded as the Apostle of the Goths. Before the time of Constantine there were churches of considerable extent in the S. and N. sections of Britain, due not so much to missionaries as to the natural intercourse of Britain with Rome. These churches, however, became distinguished for their missionary zeal and Saint Patrick is commonly regarded as their leader. He found Ireland entirely heathen and lived Scotch Patrick was the apostle to Ireland, so in a certain way was the Irish Colomba the apostle of Scotland. The island of Iona with its monastery became a sort of missionary center and Aidan went from there to Northumbria and established missions. The Scotch-Irish missionaries were the evangelists of a large part of the European continent.
Columbanus, Gallus, and "a host of to see it become Christian. As the others numerous as a swarm of bees," introduced, together with religion, agriculture and civilization into France, Switzerland, and other parts of Europe.
The English Boniface became the apostle of Germany. Ansgar, a monk of Corvey in the 9th century, under the influence of Louis the Pious, preached in Denmark and Sweden. The Russian prince Vladimir was baptized in 988 with all of his sons (in the Dnieper at Kief) and his people. Kublai Khan, a grandson of the famous Genghis Khan, a ruler of the E. Mongol empire, sent for missionaries to tell him about the new doctrine. It is supposed that the Nestorian-Tartar church flourished till the country was devastated by the Mongols. It is almost certain that the Nestorians introduced the Gospel into India and that they passed through Tartary into China and founded churches there which existed till the end of the 9th century. As early as the year 1200 Albert I. of Appeldern went with a band of pilgrims to the mouth of the Düna river and founded the city of Riga and established there the Brotherhood of the Knights of Christ, or the Brethren of the Sword. He has been called the Bishop of Livonia. One of the most remarkable missionaries of