Motor Vehicle
a wagon or carriage carrying a motor or engine which furnishes power for locomotion of the wagon upon the roads or highways, without a track.
MOTOR VEHICLE saw the development of the steam coach in England. The work of Walter Hancock between the years 1824 and 1836 and then made a three-wheeled carriage, was a great factor in the early development of this type of vehicle. He first perfected a type of boiler lighter for its power than those then existing, the engine being located above and directly connected to the single front wheel. In the next model, produced by Hancock, the engine turned a shaft and power was supplied to two rear wheels by chains. The carriage was steered by the single front wheel. Various other were used for passenger service, and for over twenty weeks regular service was models were brought forth by Hancock, each new model bringing out new ideas and improvements on the old type of construction. The more improved models maintained between Islington and Stratford.
Sir Charles Dance and Goldsworthy was suspended underneath the body of Gurney made a coach in which the engine The two general classes into which the coach, and the power supplied the motor vehicles are divided are those driving wheels by a machine not unlike which are designed to move freight, usu- the crank arrangement of a modern ally called trucks, and those which are locomotive. Gurney developed the coach ally called trucks, and those which are GEAR SHIFT LEVER RIGHT HANDLEBAR CONTROLS THROTTLE لا EXHAUST VALVE LEFT HANDLE BAR CONTROLS SPARK & RAISES HAND CLUTCH CONTROL "HIGH" FULL REAR POSITION CENTER POSITION "NEUTRAL" FULL FORWARD... "LOW SPEED FULL REAR POSITION CENTER POSITION "NEUTRAL" M BRAKE ON REAR WHEEL BRAKE ROD MUFFLER 3 SPEED TRANS MISSION CLUTCH OPERATE MAG GEAR CASE TO AND DRIVE ON OPPOSITE SIDE NETO FOOT BRAKE CONTROL A FORWARD DOWN STEP ON EITHER PEDAL STARTS MOTOR WHEN TRANSMISSION IS IN NEUTRAL POSITION DIAGRAM OF MOTORCYCLE used for passenger transportation, which are called cars.
The early steam engine suggested a mechanically propelled road machine. Sir Isaac Newton proposed such a machine as early as 1680, while comparatively successful models were built in England by Nathan Read in 1790, and by Nicholas James Cugnot in France at the same used for passenger transportation, which The early steam engine suggested a still preserved by the French Government. are called cars. Isaac Newton proposed such a machine as early as 1680, while comparatively sucimprovement of the water-tube boiler. itself, while the work of Dance was the Some of these early models required hindered by the enacta crew of three or four men, weighed eight to ten tons, carried eighteen or twenty passengers, and had driving wheels five feet in diameter. Progress at this time was hinde storage battery supplying power to a ment of various restraining road regulations. Some years later various types of electric carriages, which carried a small motor, were operated with more or 100 1. Engine 30 425 5. Fan 2 (24) 7. Spring ④ 1 22 9. Front Axle 2. Carburetor 3. Ignition Distributor and Timer 4. Radiator 37. Universal Joint 8. Starting Crank
12. Clutch Case
13. Transmission Case
14. Universal Joint 15. Muffler 16. Gasoline Tank
17. Universal Joint
18. Drive Shaft
19. Heel Button for Starting 10. Steering Gear 11. Steering Arm 21 23 20 18 ⑦ 35. Drive Shaft 7 8 00 (14) 10 11 12 13 15 (16) 9 (31) (31) 38 MOTOR VEHICLE 326 MOTOR VEHICLE 35. Drive Shaft 36. Differential Driving Gear 32. Crank Shaft 33. Flywheel 34. Secondary Shaft and Trans- 37. Universal Joint (37) 35 32 34 36 (33) DIAGRAM OF AUTOMOBILE 28. Steering Post 29. Switchboard 30. Fuse Block 31. Pistons 24. Hand Air Pump 25. Horn Button 26. Speed Control Levers, Throttle and Spark 30. Fuse Block 27. Steering Wheel 31. Pistons 28. Steering Post 26. Speed Control Levers, Throttle and Spark 20. Clutch Pedal 21. Emergency Brake 22. Gear Shifting Lever 23. Accelerator Pedal mission Gears 38. Clutch MOTOR VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE sides and doors than in the earlier models. The first tonneau doors were less success, and lighter types of steam carriages made their appearance in England, France, and the United States. placed at the rear, but because of incon- Soon after Gottlieb Daimler's improvements to the light-weight internal-combustion engine, it was suggested that this power be applied to a road carriage. In 1895 U. S. Patent No. 549160 was granted to George B. Selden, of Rochester, N. Y., for the application of the internal-combustion engine to a self-propelled vehicle. The original application for this patent had been made years HAND THROTTLE CONTROL LEVER HORN BUTTON venience of entering, and possible improvement in seating arrangement, doors were soon placed on the sides, which practice is still followed to-day. Doors have been added to the front compartment, and the modern touring car-the most popular model of the day-has gradually developed.
An early tendency was to produce models with bulging curved lines, which CARBURETOR PRIMING BUTTON SPARK ADVANCE BUTTON EMERGENCY BRAKE CLUTCH PEDAL SERVICE BRAKE PEDAL IGNITION SWITCH 000 On BATTERY INDICATOR DASH OIL SIGHT FEED SPEEDOMETER ACCELERATOR GEAR SHIFT PEDAL LEVER STARTER BUTTON AUTOMOBILE OPERATING DIAGRAM before it was granted. The patent was very broad in its scope, and included the use of a clutch and gears for the application of the power. For many years all gasoline cars were manufactured on a royalty basis, but in 1904 a group of manufacturers, headed by Henry Ford of Detroit, Mich., contested the validity of the patent. Testimony was taken for over four years, and the first decision favored Mr. Selden, but in 1911 Justice Noyes denied the right of the patent.
The passenger or motor vehicle which preceded the freight-carrying truck, made its first modern appearance in the form of a runabout, which was an adaptation of the style of the horse-drawn runabout ru bout then popular, although the carryall type was soon utilized for four passengers.
Advancement in design soon developed the tonneau, in which more protection was given the passengers by means of gave the impression of great bulk. The modern tendency, where metal is used for body construction in place of the early wood, is to use either straight lines, or lines resembling those used in yacht design, called stream lines, producing models of much more grace and trimness.
Two- or three-passenger open cars are called runabouts or speedsters, and there are various types of inclosed modelsthe type in which the tonneau is inclosed and separated from the driver's compartment, which is also inclosed, is called a limousine. The sedan, a model whose popularity is rapidly increasing, is a car in which the front seat and the tonneau are inclosed in one section. The inclosed runabout, which will seat from two to four persons, is called a coupé.
It is generally conceded that the first motor truck was a converted touring car used for parcel delivery. Now there is a special model for the transportation MOTOR VEHICLE of almost every conceivable type of commodity, from jewelry to pig iron. Special dumping trucks for handling building materials, coal, etc., are used. During the World War the United States Government adopted two standard types of AUTOMOBILE UNIVERSAL JOINT truck, a light-weight model and a heavyweight model, for army use. These trucks, called Liberty trucks, were designed by representatives of the lea leading truck manufacturers of the United States, who incorporated in their design every desirable and successful feature which had been developed by any individual manufacturer. Because of the standardization, quantity production was soon reached, and the army amply provided with trucks.
The modern pleasure car varies in type from the car which is manufactured on a quantity basis, standard parts for which can be purchased at almost every crossroad, since it is a custom-built car in which the owner decided almost every detail. The mechanical details of the BEVEL DIFFERENTIAL GEAR MOTOR VEHICLE then superheated by a device of some sort, after which it is conducted to a compound reversing engine. The exhaust steam is then frequently condensed and injected again into the boiler. Gasoline vapor is the fuel most frequently used to generate heat.
The big advantage of the steam motor vehicle was the absence of gears which resulted in flexibility of speed and quietness of operation, while its drawbacks were the open flame needed to generate steam, the time required to get up steam before a start could be made, the small cruising radius on one filling of the water tank, and the complication of the fuelregulating devices.
Among the first motor vehicles were those which used an electric motor for propulsion. The power is supplied from a storage battery, and in many of the early types there was a motor for each rear wheel, a switch to reverse the direction of the current, and a rheostat to control the speed of the motor. In the more modern types a single motor drives a shaft, and there is a geared transmission. The great drawback for the electric vehicle is its short cruising ra- ROADSTER dius. Although many improvements have been made in storage-battery construction in the last two years, still the only way to increase the radius is to add cells to the storage battery, which of course, increases the weight. In order to recharge the battery a special apparatus is needed. The introduction of the electric self-starter for cars using an internal-combustion engine has done much to nullify the claim that the electric car was the only car for a woman to drive, and the popularity of the electric passenger vehicle has decreased in recent years. The electric truck is successfully used for comparatively short hauls over level pavements, being particularly motor vehicle are considered under these adapted for city delivery work or for headings:
1. The motive power.
2. All other parts of the chassis service around dock and terminal systems.
The four-cycle gasoline internal-comexcept the motor-the frame, bustion engine is the standard means of springs, transmission, and wheels. motor-vehicle propulsion to-day. The internal-combustion engine has the advantage of light weight for its power. In the steam-driven motor vehicle, steam is often generated in a flash boiler, It is a safe source of power; the motor MOTOR VEHICLE MOTOR VEHICLE started; the fuel is universally obtain- able, and the cruising radius is large. in the head of the motor. Some types of modern motors have four valves to the started; the fuel is universally obtainable, and the cruising radius is large. The drawbacks for this type of motor are that the motor has a limited speed range at which it may be operated and is nontransmission is necessary. Because of transmission is necessary. Because of the great heat generated by the explo- TOURING CAR sion of gases some cooling system is needed, and the motor must be made to by some external mechanical means before it can be made to start. The early motors used in motor vehicles were single-cylindered or at most had The early motors used in motor vehicles two cylinders, cast singly. The modern range of cylinders is from four to twelve.
The four-cylinder car, in which the cylinders are vertical and cast en bloc is extensively used for inexpensive cars which are produced in great quantities.
The six-cylinder motor, in which there popular, and of recent years multicylinder motors, with eight or twelve cylinders each, have been used with great success particularly for high-grade cars.
In the multicylinder type of motor, the cylinders are usually arranged in two t' blocks of four or six cylinders each, The question of the proper angle between cylinders are usually arranged in two 1000-1 LIMOUSINE the line of action of the two cylinders is much debated-some engineers use 90 degrees, other designers use 60 degrees, and some as low as 45 degrees, though 90 degrees and 60 degrees are the most common. degrees, other designers use 60 degrees, and some as low as 45 degrees, though 90 degrees and 60 degrees are the most in modern design, the valves are located in the head of the motor. Some types of modern motors have four valves to the cylinder-two intake and two exhaust valves. One manufacturer of a highgrade car claims that a sixteen-valve four-cylinder motor has all the advantages and none of the drawbacks of the multicycle motor. Sleeve and cylindrical valve motors are advanced by by some designers, and are used with varying degrees of success. The sliding parts of a sleeve-valve motor have to be thoroughly lubricated, and the excess oil fremaking starting difficult. The early cars carried their fuel in making starting difficult.
The early cars carried their fuel in tanks which were usually located under the driver's seat, the gasoline flowing to the carburetor by gravity. The inconvenience caused the passengers when fuel was replenished caused some designthe gravity system it is necessary to ers to move the tank to the dash, but the gravity system it is necessary to 1 CABRIOLET and on hills the feed was sometimes place the carburetor low on the motor, locate the fuel tank at the rear of the interrupted. The next change was to the motor under pressure, supplied either by hand pump, or from the exhaust, or both. Modern design uses a small vacuum tank, which draws gasoline to a reservoir located above the motor, from which it flows to the carburetor by gravity. frame, and the gasoline was forced to The liquid fuel is mixed with air in the carburetor to form a vapor. Engines are now striving to perfect methods to The carburetor is often heated by exhaust gases or by water jacketing. Hot spots caused by exhaust gases or electrically heated wire gauze are placed in the intake manifold to break up and preheat the gas before it goes into the cylinder goes through the four cycles of intake When the gas reaches the cylinder it compression, explosion, and rapid expan. sion and exhaust. The noise of the ex- MOTOR VEHICLE plosion is absorbed by an expansion motor with high efficiency and power, chamber or muffler.
The motor is usually cooled by circulating water around the outside of the cylinders which are jacketed for this purpose. The water is passed from the cylinder to a radiator where it is cooled by air, then to a reservoir and back through the system. The water is kept in circulation either by a rotary pump or by a thermo syphon system. A motordriven fan is mounted at the rear of the radiator for the purpose of drawing air through the radiator. In many highgrade cars a thermostatic device either cuts off the circulation of the water through the radiator or operates a shutter which prevents the passing of air through the radiator until the motor is heated to its point of highest thermal efficiency. Air-cooling, which would do away with many parts and much weight as well as do away with the possibility of freezing, has not been successfully introduced except by one manufacturer.
SEDAN The lubrication system of the motor is either the mechanical or the splash system.
Ignition may be by battery, low or high tension magneto, or by one of the generator-charged battery systems which are very popular at the present day. The difficulty in cranking or starting the gasoline soon led to efforts to overcome this drawback. Heavy springs which were wound by the motor when in operation, various priming devices, some operating with acetylene gas and likely to be dangerous in unexperienced hands, and compressed air systems were used with indifferent success. The introduction of the motor-generator system, which operated as a motor and draws power from a storage battery when the motor is to be started, and then operates as a generator and charges the storage battery, is one of the great advances of modern motor-vehicle engineering, and seems to have satisfactorily solved the problems of starting, lighting, and ignition.
For the car of not extremely high price, the idea in designing the modern motor-vehicle engine is to produce a MOTOR VEHICLE with smaller fuel consumption, and lighter weight. To this end the small bore, long stroke, high-speed motor has been perfected, and is often fitted with aluminum pistons and a counterbalanced crank shaft.
The motor is engaged or disengaged from the driving system by a common 8 COUPÉ mechanical device called a clutch, which is held in the engaged position by a spring, and may be disengaged by the operation of a foot pedal. The most common types of clutch are the cone and the multiple disk, either of the dry or oil type. A clutch is necessary in order that the motor may be started without the car moving, and that the gears may be shifted.
With but one possible exception, the selective type of gear system is used.
The application of the power generated by the motor is controlled by the use of gears of various sizes, usually ranging from one which gives the motor a great power advantage, without high speed, called low, through an intermediate step, to direct drive, or high gear. A reverse ELECTRIC COUPÉ gear is also provided. By disengaging the clutch and moving a hand lever any desired gear can be engaged by the operator, which counteracts the low speed range of efficient operation of this gasoline motor. The gears are inclosed in a housing, and should run in a heavy oil drive have been tried, but without excep- or a grease. Various types of friction MOULINS or a grease. Various types of friction ences between the United States and drive have been tried, but without exception were unsuccessful. shaft which operates a gear in the differthe gears through a universal joint to a shaft which operates a gear in the differpensation is made for different speeds with which the rear wheels must move when the car is not running in a straight with which the rear wheels must move ide the when the car is not running in a straight line. By means of a shaft inside Steering is accomplished by the front the rear or driving wheels. wheels, which are movable, and controlled Usually the car has two sets of brakes, ing_wheel.
Usually the car has two sets of brakes, the service brake, which is usually an ing on a drum mounted on rear wheels, and the emergency brake, which is often operating on the rear wheels, although brakes operating on the transmission are common.
The frame of the car is of wood or steel. Rolled or pressed steel channel bars seem to be held in highest favor, and the various types of springs, such as flat, full, three-quarter, and semi-elliptic and platform are used to improve the riding qualities of the car. The artillery type of wooden wheels is held in highest favor, though wire and sheet or solid metal wheels are favored by some designers and drivers.