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Nevada (State in the Western Division)

a State in the Western Division of the North American Union; bounded by Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, and California; admitted to the Union, Oct. 31, 1864; counties, 17; capital, Carson City; area, 107,740 square miles; pop. (1890) 45,761; (1900) 42,335; (1910) 81,875; (1920) 77,407.

Topography. The State is situated in the Great American Basin, having for its boundaries the Sierra Nevada Mountains on the W., the Wahsatch Mountains on the E., and cross ranges on the N. and S. It is a table-land 4,000 to 8,000 feet above sea-level. The State is crossed by a series of parallel mountain ranges with a general N. and S. direction. The principal chains are the Virginia Mountains, the Truckee Mountains, Antelope, East Humboldt, Toyabe and Santa Rosa Mountains. Between these mountains are deep valleys; the Colorado valley having numerous abrupt ranges, and peaks rising above its plateaus. The most important ranges of the Colorado region are the Muddy, Vegas, Spring Mountain, and Kingston Mountains. There are numerous lakes, the rivers having no outlet over the mountains. The largest lakes include Winnemucca, Und, and Pyramid lakes in the extreme W., Carson Lake and Humboldt and Carson Sink, E. of the W. Humboldt Mountains, and Eagle, Franklin, and Ruby lakes in the N. part of the State and empties into Humboldt Lake. The Truckee river rises in Tahoe Lake, and flows S. into Pyramid Lake. Other important rivers are the Rio Virgin, Carson, Quinn's river, Reese river, and the Colorado river, which forms a large part of the S. E. boundary.

Geology. The mountains of Nevada show formations of nearly every epoch, from the Azoic to the late Jurassic. The volcanic nature of the State is shown by the ancient and modern eruptive rocks, and by the lava beds of the N. W. The mountain ranges are in places composed entirely of limestone, in others of granite, syenite, porphyry, slate, or quartzite.

Mineralogy. Nevada is rich in minerals, though, excepting silver and gold, they have been worked but little. The Comstock silver lode, discovered in 1859, was for years the most valuable in the world. Important new discoveries of gold and silver mines were made in 1910 and in the following years. This resulted in a greatly increased production of these minerals of the State. The copper production has also greatly increased in recent years. The gold production in 1918 was 322,776 fine ounces, valued at $6,662,000. In the same year there were produced 10,113,405 fine ounces of silver, valued at $10,113,405.

Copper production in 1918 was 106,266- 603 pounds. Nevada ranks fourth among the States in the production of this metal.

There is also a considerable production of lead.

Other minerals mined included tungsten, antimony, platinum, zinc, cinnabar, tin tin , manganese, plumbago, nickel, cobalt, and iron. Beds of sulphur, gypsum, rock salt, borax, s saltpeter, and nd carbonate of soda are extensive. The building stones include limestone, granite, slate, sandstone, agate, and marble. Amethysts, carnelians, and tourmalines are also found.

Soil and Productions. With the exceptions of the river valleys there is scarcely any arable land in the State.

The valleys and basins however are well watered and adapted to agricultural pursuits, and under proper irrigation considerable mountain land has been made productive. The principal crops are hay, wheat, oats, and barley. The figures for agricultural production in 1919 were as follows: oats, 384,000 bushels, valued at $384,000; barley, 420,000 bushels, valued at $630,000; wheat, 668,000 bushels, valued at $1,429,000; hay, 526,- 000 tons, valued at $10,310,000; potatoes, 900,000 bushels, valued at $1,350,000.

The forest trees are chiefly pines, firs, and spruces, of great size. The foothills 1 Amos/ Rebel Creek boldt Paradise Valley Hot Spring Ph illigan Cr Haystack Pk.

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BLUEBIRD LAKE, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO NEVADA NEVIN are covered with mountain mahogany, year brought more settlers, and the disdwarf cedar, wil and wild cherry. Apple, peach, pear, and growth. willow, beech, cottonwood, covery of silver still added to Nevada's plum trees flourish and bear excellent fruit. Stock raising and dairy farming are leading industries.

March 2, 1861, and admitted to the Union in 1864. In 1866 its area was increased parts of Arizona and Utah. growth. It was organized as a Territory to the present size by by the addition of county-seat of Vernon co., 103 miles S.

Missouri Pacific, and the Missouri, Kan-