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Nicholas (Name of five Popes NICHOLAS I)

the name of five Popes, NICHOLAS I., Pope, elected in succession to Benedict III., in 858. He excomto Benedict III ., in 858. He excommunicated Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, whose schism led to the separation of the Roman and Byzantine Churches. He died in Rome, 867.

NICHOLAS II., Pope; born in Burgundy. He became Archbishop of Flor- . He became Archbishop of Florence, and succeeded Stephen IX . in 1058.

He was opposed by a rival, who styled himself himself Benedict X.; but being disby the council of Satri, the latter was obliged to forego his claim to the papal chair.

This Pope assembled a council at Rome, and caused a decree to be passed which was very important in the subsequent elections to the tiara.

He was succeeded by Alexander II. He died in 1061.

NICHOLAS III., Pope; born of a noble Italian family. He was elected in sucfamily ily. He was elected in succession to John XXI., in 1277. He obtained from the emperor, Rudolph of Hapsburg, large grants of Italian territory; among tory; among the rest, the exarchate of He dispatched a number of missions to heathen countries. His successor was Martin IV. He died in 1280.

NICHOLAS IV., Pope; born in Ascoli, Italy. He was elected to the papal chair on the death of Honorius IV., in 1288, being the first member of the Franciscan order to become Pope. He endeavored new crusade, but without success. He died in 1292 cess. He died in 1292.

NICHOLAS V., Cardinal-Bishop of Bologna, became Pope after Eugenius IV., in 1447.

He restored peace to the Ro- NICHOLAS II. man and Western Churches, and caused the sovereigns and states of Italy to forget their feuds. He collected books and manuscripts, and ordered translations to be made of the Greek classics. The Vatican library was practically founded by him, and he embellished Rome with numerous numerous fine edifices. He was an enand distinguished Pope. He died in 1455.

VICH), Emperor of Russia, third son of the Emperor Paul I.; born near St.

Petersburg , Russia, June 25, 1796 (old style). He ascended the throne in 1825.

He made war with Persia in 1827-1828; joined in the treaty of London, which secured the independence of Greece, and made one of the allied powers who destroyed the Turkish fleet at Navarino in 1827. This affair led to war between Russia and Turkey, in which the latter was defeated, paid indemnity, and signed the treaty of peace at Adrianople in 1829. He suppressed the Polish insuryear with relentless severity. In 1848 rection which broke out in the following Nicholas assisted Austria with an army corps in putting down the rising in sian effort to take over the holy places Hungary. Early in 1852 began the Rus- Hungary.

Early in 1852 began the Rusand assume the protectorate of the Christians in Palestine . This led to the Nicholas died from lung disease in St.

Crimean War, before the close of which Petersburg, Feb. 18, 1855 (old style).

NICHOLAS I. (NIKOLAI PAVLOson of Alexander III.; born in St. Pe- NICHOLAS II., Emperor of Russia, tersburg, Russia, May 18, 1868. His mother was the Princess Dagmar, a daughter of King Christian IX. of Denmark. The course of his studies was by his father's wish, directed chiefly to modern history and languages, constitutional history , political and social econhis own country. During the famine of omy, and the law and adminstration of president of the Committee of Succor, 1891 he was, at his own request, made and worked hard in the organization of relief. As czarevitch he held several military commands in his own countryin the famous Préobrajensky regiment among others and in England he had conferred on him in 1893 the Order of the Garter. He succeeded to the throne Nov. 1, 1894.

He married the Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt , grand-daughter of Queen Victoria of England, Nov. 26, 1894. His coronation took place with and elaborate ceremonial at the same year he commenced a tour Moscow in May, 1896, and in August of which included visits to the Emperor of Austria and Germany, to the King of NICHOLAS II.

Denmark, to Queen Victoria, and to the President of France. The visit to Paris was taken advantage of to accentuate the friendly understanding or alliance, as it may now be called, between France and Russia. This alliance was definitely announced on the occasion of the visit of President Faure to St. Petersburg in 1887. The Franco-Russian convention as an offset to the Anglo-Japanese entente NICHOLAS II. was further strengthened when the Czar visited Paris in September, 1901, and by the visit of President Loubet to St.

Petersburg in May, 1902. The Russo-Japanese war led to revolutionary uprisings at the capital in 1905 that were vigorously suppressed. Nicholas II. in the negotiations that culminated in the World War was anxious to avoid a conflict, but at the same time was determined that Austria should not crush Serbia. (See WORLD WAR.) Russian reverses and German intrigue shook the government of the Empire in 1915-1916.

The influence of the monk Rasputin on the Czar and his family created great discontent throughout the nation. His subsequent murder came too late; for the country was seething with revolution. The Duma met in March, 1917, and defied the Czar's attempt to dissolve it. Rodzianko, leader of the Duma, urged the Emperor to crush German intrigue and change his counsellors, if he would save his throne. The Czar paltered and delayed, and on March 15, NICHOLAS 1917, he was forced to abdicate at Pskov for himself and his son in favor of the Grand-Duke Michael. The latter declined the honor until the National Assembly should decide what the future government was to be.

The imperial family were placed under arrest and after some months they were transferred to Tobolsk. Some time between night and morning of July 16- 17, 1918, the Czar and his family were shot at Ekaterinburg in the Urals by the Executive Committee of the Ural District Soviet of the Workmen's, Peasants', and Red Army deputies.

NICHOLAS I., former reigning Prince or Hospodar, and King of Montenegro; born Oct. 7 (Sept. 25), 1841. After an educational course at Trieste and Paris, he succeeded his uncle, who had been assassinated in August, 1860. He married in the same year Princess Milona, the daughter of the vice-president of the Council of State. In 1890 the 30th anniversary of his accession was celebrated, and during 1896 the bicentenary of the foundation of his dynasty. His daughter, Princess Helen, married the Prince of Naples, now King Victor Emmanuel III. of Italy; and another daughter, Princess Anne, Prince Francis Joseph of Battenberg. Princess Malitza married the Russian Grand-Duke Peter, and Princess Stana, Duke George of Leuchtenberg. Prince Danilo, the eldest son, married, in 1899, the Duchess Jutta of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1910 Nicholas celebrated the 50th anniversary of his rule and assumed the title of King of Montenegro. When the Austro-Germans overran the country in December, 1915, the King fled to France. On Nov. 8, 1918, he expressed himself in favor of a union of Montenegro with Jugoslavia. On Nov. 29 King Nicholas was deposed by the Montenegrin National Assembly, which voted for a union of Montenegro with Serbia under King Peter.