Nietzsche
FRIEDRICH (WIL- HELM) (nētsh'uh), a German writer; born in Röcken, Saxony, Oct. 15, 1844; was educated at Bonn; Professor of Classical Philology, University of Basle (1869-1880). His writings attracted a good deal of attention owing to their extreme character. He wrote: "The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music" (4th ed. 1895); "Thus Spake Zarathustra" (4th ed. 1895); "Beyond Good and Evil" (5th ed. 1895); "The Genealogy of Morality" (4th ed. 1895); "The Overturning of all Values"; "Twilight of the Idols"; "Antichrist"; etc. Nietzsche's philosophy was the idealization of might or, as he called it, Will to Power. It has been claimed extensively that his teachings and writings were to a great extent responsible for the militaristic spirit of Germany and thus, at least indirectly, for the World War. Most of these claims, however, are based on a very superficial study and an equally superficial understanding of his philosophy, the merits or faults of which remain still to be determined. In 1889 his mind became affected, and remained in this condition until his death on Aug. 25, 1900, at Weimar.
NIÈVRE (nē-āvr'), a central department of France, occupying a portion of the watershed between the Loire and the Seine, and bounded on the W. by the Allier and Loire rivers; area, 2,632 square miles; pop. about 300,000. Mountains belonging to the Morvan system, which forms the watershed between Seine and Rhône, divide the department into two great declivities. There are plateaus more or less fertile, vine-clad hills, and valleys rich in pastures; but the principal wealth of the department consists in its forests and minerals-coal, iron, and gypsum. The Nièvre, whence the name of the department, is an inconsiderable affluent of the Loire from the right. The three chief rivers-the Allier, Loire, and Yonne-are navigable, and the Yonne, which belongs to the system of the Seine, is connected with the Loire by a canal. More than a third of the whole surface is covered with forests.
Good wine is made; the iron industry is