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Packard (FRANK LUCIUS an American)

FRANK LUCIUS, an American writer, born in Montreal, fine division of labor in the enormous development. In the slaughtering of Canada, in 1877. He graduated from animals a great many labor saving devices are used, and there is now a very McGill University in 1897, and took post- Chicago, and the other large cities. The graduate courses in Europe. For sevstock yards and packing houses of eral years he was engaged in engineer- blow on the head, then killed and bled, ing and in 1906 began contributing to after which they are passed through magazines. He was the author of "On stock yards and packing houses of the Iron at Big Cloud," (1911); "The scalding vats and through an automatic Miracle Man," (1914); Traitor," (1916); "The Sin That Was been dressed and thoroughly inspected, ; "The Beloved bristles. As soon as the carcasses have His," (1917). He also contributed many they are chilled by refrigeration, which stories to magazines.

PACKER INSTIblow on the head, then killed and bled, after which they are passed through TUTE. A girls' school in Brooklyn, N.

COLLEGIATE Y., built in 1853 to succeed the Brooklyn Female Academy, the buildings of which were destroyed by fire in the preceding local dealers, or transferred to iced year. Mrs. Harriet L. Packer endowed the new institution with $65,000. The courses now given provide primary, secondary, high school, and collegiate instruction. The enrollment in all departments in the year 1914-1915 was 641. The total value of the buildings and equipment of the institute is approximately $600,000. The library is an unusually large one for schools of this type, having 11,000 volumes. usually large one for schools of this ver-white color, consisting of copper, zinc, nickel, and iron. It was formerly used by watch makers, mathematical instrument makers, and oth used by watch makers, mathematical in- zinc, nickel, and iron. It was formerly others, for a variare now employed.

PACKING INDUSTRY. The packing industry involves the purchase of live stock, the conversion of live stock into saleable products, and the distribution of those products. In the last fifty markets in refrigerated cars owned by is the basis of all successful meat the packing companies, and placed in curing. The meat is shipped to Eastern cold storage warehouses to be sold to in Liverpool or Glasgow. of the so-called waste products of animals, but the packers have shown great Originally little or no use was made ingenuity in their use of the by-products. In addition to the sale of the carcasses of cattle, sheep and hogs, the packing industry now includes the making of glue from the hoofs, horns and from the hog bristles, fertilizer from the bones, leather from the hides, brushes pepsin from the stomach, and la meat scraps, soaps, tallow from the fats , made; steam lard, and the more refined products. Two grades of lard of the most valuable and bones, leather from the hides, brushes lard, one fertilizer. The most profitable part of leaf lard. In dressing hogs, nearly 20 the industry is the making of sausages. per cent. is waste, or is used for glue or The meat used for this purpose is for the most part trimmings. The meat is chopped, mixed with potato flour and are PACKING INDUSTRY PADELFORD water, spiced, and stuffed by machinery marketing and storage facilities. In into the intestines which are used for December, 1919, Attorney General sausage casings after they have been thoroughly cleaned by machinery. In dressing cattle, the parts to be sold as fresh beef are allowed to cool for fortyeight hours, and then shipped. The poorer grades of beef are used for canning, which is becoming a more important division of the industry than it was formerly.

In 1906 a Federal Meat Inspection Law was passed, requiring several inspections of the animals by expert veterinarians before slaughtering, and again during the processes of slaughtering and curing. Before that time there had been inadequate protection against tainted meats, though there there had been government supervision of the industry since 1891.

Palmer announced that the packers had agreed to retire from all business except meat packing and distribution of dairy products, to sell all their holdings in the large public stock yards, and in stock-yard newspapers, to abandon the use of countless branch warehouses, all over the country, and to disassociate themselves from the retail meat business, which they had formerly controlled, as well as many of the chain stores. However, this agreement of the packers did not immediately result in the lowering of prices, and in 1920 a number of bills were introduced into Congress in an endeavor to restrain the monopoly of the Big Five. Chief among these were bills backed by the farmers of Kansas. The chief centers in which the packing industry is conducted in the United States are Chicago, Omaha, Milwaukee, St.

Louis, Kansas City, Cincinnati, and New York. The foreign trade of the packers is greatly increasing with the improved facilities for refrigeration in trains and steamships.

The latest available figures are from the United States census of 1914, and give 1,279 slaughtering establishments, with a capital of $534,274,000 and products valued at $1,651,965,000. Chicago heads the list of centers of the industry with 24 per cent. of the business done.

There has been a growing tendency in the United States to concentrate the industry in the hands of a few companies, controlled by a small group of men. As early as 1890 the four largest packing concerns entered into an agreement not to enter into competition with one another. The danger of such a monopoly of the food supply was soon evident to the government, and in 1902 an investigation of the industry was made by the Department of Justice, and the Supreme Court of the United States issued an injunction restraining the packers from conducting their business in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890. This injunction, however, did not seem to change the policy of the packers but rather forced them to resort to guarded methods of controlling the food supply of the country. In the past ten years there have been frequent Congressional Committees appointed to investigate the packing industry, and the magazines and papers have contained particles cles of gold dust which they concountless articles on the subject. In tained. The brook is now called Sara- June, 1919, the Federal Trade Commission made a detailed report of the business conducted by "The Big Five" packers, Armour & Co., Swift & Co., Libby, Wilson and Cudahy. This report stated, among other charges, that the Big Five had secured control of the meat supply of the country, that they had unfairly used this control to keep up prices, to crush competition, and to secure special privileges from the railroads, and to demand excessive profits harmful both to the consumer and to the producer. The Commission recommended government requisition of (1) rolling stock used for the transportation of animals, (2) the principal stock yards of the country, (3) all the privately owned refrigerating cars, (4)