Pen
an instrument for writing with a fluid. The metallic stilus for the production of incised letters was probably the earliest writing implement. It was used by the Romans for writing on tablets coated with wax; but both they and the Greeks also used what is the true ancient representative of the modern pen, namely, a hollow reed, as is yet common in eastern countries. It has been asserted that quills were used for writing as early as the 5th century A. D. In Europe they were long the only writing implements, the sorts generally used being those of the goose and swan. Up till the end of the first quarter of the 19th century these formed the principal material from which pens were made. In 1803 Wise produced steel pens of a barrel form, mounted in a bone case for carrying in the pocket. Joseph Gillott commenced the manufacture about 1820, and succeeded in making the pen of thinner and more elastic steel, giving it a higher temper and finish. Mr. Gillott was followed into the same field by Mr. Perry and others, and their improvements reduced the cost and raised the quality. Cast-steel of the finest quality is used in the manufacture, and the various operations are performed by cutting, stamping and embossing apparatus. Birmingham was the first home and is still the principal center of the steel-pen industry. Gold pens tipped with minute particles of iridium are now in extensive use, and a good one will last for years. Fountain pens and penholders, to carry a considerable supply of ink and to discharge it in an equal manner, were invented by Joseph Bramah.