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Philip (Name of various Euro- Baldwin)

the name of various Euro- Baldwin V., count of Flanders, 1060; pean rulers, as follows:

MACEDON The name of five kings, the most celebrated of whom was PHILIP II., father of Alexander the Great, and son of Amynthas II.; born 382 B. C. He was brought up at Thebes, and began to reign after the death of his brother, Perdiccas III., in 359. With great ability, energy, and success, he first secured the internal peace, improved the discipline of his army, and created the famous phalanx.

He aspired to make himself master of all the states of Greece, and then to invade and conquer Persia. The siege and capture of Amphipolis, Pydna, and Potidæa took place between 358-356. Four years later, after taking Methone, and subduing Lycophron, tyrant of Pheræ, he advanced toward Greece, but his course was stayed at Thermopylæ by the Athenians. The same year Demosthenes delivered the first of his famous orations ("Philippics") against the Macedonian conqueror. Philip took Olynthus in 347, after a war of three years; soon after made peace with the Athenians, conquered Phocis, and closed the Sacred War. In 340 he besieged Perinthus and Byzantium, but the Athenians, aroused by the successive appeals of their great orator, sent an expedition under Phocion, and Philip had to raise the sieges in the following year. But the crisis of Greek independence was at hand; the victory of Chæronea, over the allied Athenians and Thebans, 338, made Philip master of Greece. In 336 he was assassinated at Ægea.

ROME