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Philip (Youngest son of Frederick)

the youngest son of Frederick Barbarossa; born in 1178, became king of Suabia and Tuscany after the death of his father, 1190, and emperor after the death of his brother, Henry IV., 1198. He was assassinated in 1208, and succeeded by Otho IV.

FRANCE PHILIP I., son of Henry I. and Anne of Russia; born in 1052, and succeeded to the throne under the guardianship of died, after a troubled reign, mixed up with the affairs of William the Conqueror, in 1108.

PHILIP II., surnamed Augustus, son of Louis VII. and of Alix, daughter of Thibault, Count of Champagne; born in 1165, succeeded his father 1180, accompanied Richard Cœur de Lion to the Holy Land, 1190, invaded Normandy during Richard's captivity, 1193, confiscated the possessions of King John in France, after the supposed murder of Arthur, 1203, prepared to invade England at the in stance of the Pope, 1213, turned his arms against Flanders, and gained the celebrated battle of Bouvines, 1214, and died in 1223.

PHILIP III., called the Hardy, the son of Louis IX. and Margaret of Provence.

He was born in 1245, and succeeded his father in 1270. In 1271 he possessed himself of Toulouse; in 1272 he repressed the revolt of Roger, Count of Foix, and in 1276 sustained a war against Alphonso X., King of Castile. The The invasion of Sicily by Peter of Aragon, and the massacre of the French, known as the "Sicilian Vespers," caused him to make war against that prince, in the course of which he died in 1285.

PHILIP IV., called the Fair, son of the preceding by his first wife, Isabella of Aragon; born in 1268, and succeeded his father 1285. He was engaged in wars with the English and Flemings, and in a quarrel with the Pope, in the course of which he was excommunicated. In 1303 the States-General were first assembled.

In 1312 he suppressed the Templars. He died in 1314.

PHILIP V., called the Long, second son of the preceding; born about 1293, and succeeded to the throne in virtue of the Salic law, which excluded the daughter of his brother Louis X., who died in 1316. In his reign a cruel persecution began against the Jews, in the midst of which he died, in 1322.

PHILIP VI., called De Valois, was son of Charles, Count of Valois, a younger son of Philip the Hardy; born in 1293, and succeeded Charles le Bel, 1328. In his reign occurred the wars with Edward III. of England, who claimed the French crown, as grandson, by his mother, of Philip the Fair. Philip lost the battle of Cressy in 1346, when 30,000 men, and the chief of his nobility, were slain. He died during a truce with the English, in 1350.

SPAIN PHILIP I., surnamed the Handsome; born in 1478, was the son of Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany; and by his marriage with the heiress of Ferdinand V., PHILIP King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen of Castile, he obtained the Spanish crown.

He died in 1506.

PHILIP excited by his edict against heretics, and attempt to establish the Inquisition there in 1565, and resulting, after years of war, in the establishment of the Dutch Republic. In 1565, he persecuted the Christian Moors of Granada, and provoked a revolt, which began in 1569; and after the greatest atrocities on both sides, ended by the flight or submission of the Moors in 1571. On the death of Henry, King of Portugal, in 1580, Philip conquered that country and annexed it to PHILIP II., son of the Emperor Charles V. and Elizabeth of Portugal; born in Valladolid, in 1527. Of a cold and gloomy nature, he was educated by ecclesiastics, and his reign was marked by a crusade against political and religious freedom. He married, in 1543, his cousin Mary of Portugal, who became the mother of Don Carlos, and died in 1545. In 1554 he received from his Spain. He made immense preparations father the kingdom of Naples, and the same year, after troublesome negotiations, married Mary, Queen of England. of England .

He was disliked in England, and soon quitted it. His father gave up to him PHILIP II. OF SPAIN on the Netherlands in October, 1555, and the kingdom of Spain early in the following year. He declared war on declared war France, and induced Queen Mary to join him; won, by his troops under the Duke of Savoy, the memorable victory of St.

Quentin over the French in 1557. He vowed never to witness another battle, another battle , and he never did. He vowed also to show his gratitude by building a monastery, which he more than fulfilled in the magnificent Escurial. A second victory over the French at Gravelines, in 1558, was followed by the peace of Cateau- Cambrésis. Immediately on his return to Spain, he began a terrible persecution of "heretics."

The most momentous event of his reign was the revolt of the Netherlands, first Vol. VII-Cyc for an invasion of England; and in 1588, the year after Drake's attack on Cadiz, his great fleet, which he named "the Invincible Armada," sailed from Lisbon; but a great storm and contrary winds damaged and threw it into disorder, and it was defeated by the English. It was Philip II. who removed the seat of government from Toledo, and made Madrid the capital of Spain. He died at the Escurial, Sept. 13, 1598.

PHILIP III., son of Philip II. and his fourth wife, Anne Mary, of Austria; born in 1578. He succeeded his father in 1598, and the following year married the Princess Margaret of Austria, by of Austria, Aus by whom he had seven children. He continued the war in the Netherlands ; and his general, Spinola, took Ostend in 1604, in 1604 , after a siege of three years. But these successes were too costly, and Philip was compelled to recognize the independence of the United Provinces, and to make a truce with them in 1609. One of the most mer memorable, and for Spain most disastrous, of his measures was the expulsion of the Moors -industrious farmers and traders, most of them. Whole provinces were depopulated. He died in 1621.

PHILIP IV., son of Philip III. and Margaret; born in Valladolid, in 1605, married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry IV. of France, and succeeded his father in 1621.

He chose for his first minister the Count of Olivarez, whose despotic administration bro brought so many calamities on the kingdom. War was renewed with the Dutch, and only ended at the peace of Westphalia; war with France began in 1635, and lasted till 1659, when the peace of the Pyrénées was concluded, and the Infanta Maria Teresa was married to Louis XIV.; and a formidable revolt broke out in Catalonia, which was finally reduced by Don Juan in 1652. It was in the third year of this reign that the strange visit of Prince Charles of England, with the Duke of Buckingham, to Madrid took place, for the purpose of wooing the Infanta. Portugal threw off the yoke of Spain in 1640, and war followed. which was terminated the vic- PHILIP tory of the Portuguese at Villaviciosa, in June, 1665. This last of the long series of losses and calamities broke Philip's heart, and he died in September of the same year.

PHILIP V., Duke of Anjou, the second son of Louis, dauphin of France, and Mary Anne of Bavaria; born in 1683, assumed the title of King of Spain in 1700, by virtue of the will of Charles II. His claim, however, was contested by the house of Austria, in favor of the Archduke Charles. This introduced the great War of the Spanish Succession, in which Austria was supported against France and Spain by England, Holland, Savoy, Portugal, and Prussia. The beginning of this war was very disastrous to Philip, who lost Aragon, Gibraltar, and the islands of Minorca and Majorca, also Sardinia and the kingdom of Naples.

The victories of the Duke de Vendôme, and those of Marshal Villars in Flanders, confirmed Philip on the throne, and restored peace to Europe by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. The war was renewed in 1717, and the Spanish fleet was defeated in the Mediterranean by Sir George Byng. Peace was restored in 1720, after which Philip became a victim to confirmed melancholy, and in 1724 abdicated the throne to his son Louis, and retired to a monastery.

Louis died a few months after of the smallpox, and Philip was compelled to resume the government. His subsequent conduct was characterized by greater spirit and judgment. In 1733, he entered into an alliance with France against the emperor, and his son Don Carlos conquered Sicily and Naples, of which he became king. In 1736 peace was concluded; but a new war broke out in 1739. He died in 1746.