Philology
in a popular sense: (1) Etymology, or the science of the origin of words. (2) Grammar, or the science of the construction of language in general and of individual languages. (3) Literary criticism, or the investigation of merits and demerits in style and diction.
Of late years, however, a new and very extensive province has been added to the PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 227 PHILTER domain of philology. The term compre-provement in navigation, natural hishends: (1) Phonology, or the knowl- tory, or astronomy. The medal is conedge of the sounds of the human voice; sidered a great honor among scientists. which appears to include orthography, Membership in the society is limited or the system to be adopted when we to fifteen new members each year from endeavor to render, by our own alphabet, the sounds of a foreign language; (2) Etymology; (3) Ideology, or the science of the modification of language by grammatical forms, according to the various points of view from which men contemplate the ideas which words are meant to express.
PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, PHILOSOPHY, a the United States and three from foreign countries. The hall of the Society is located at 104 S. Fifth St., Philadelphia, where there are interesting scientific collections, and many objects of great historical interest. term said by Diogenes Laertius to have been suggested by Pythagoras, who, on being compli- AMERICAN, a society whose object is mented on his wisdom, said that he was the advancement of the study of philol- not wise, but a lover of wisdom (philos ogy. Founded in 1869, at Poughkeepsie, sophia), the Deity alone being wise. N. Y., under the leadership of Prof. Philosophy, while earnest in amassing William D. Whitney of Yale University. knowledge, aimed chiefly at penetrating The original members were from the to the principles of things. Popularly, classical section of the Oriental Society. it is divided into natural and mental phi- It has annual meetings in different cities losophy, the former investigating the of the United States and publishes its physical laws of nature, the latter those "Proceedings" or annual minutes of these regulating the human mind. The term meetings. In addition to these the As- philosophy is now generally restricted to sociation publishes the "Transactions" the second of these. Even as thus rewhich are composed of learned papers on duced it has a very wide sphere. Thus, philology submitted to the society and there is a philosophy of history (see selected by the executive committee. HISTORY). All the nations of antiquity had a philosophy, that of the Greeks be-